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> There aren't even purely software kernel-level mitiations.

Some are there, otherwise they couldn't be disabled in Linux kernel for faster performance. Which means that they could be enabled on demand.

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Some are there, yes, but they're insufficient to provide security. You need both them, and the microcode changes, and to disable HT. I'm not sure what if anything the software changes do alone, they may mitigate some of the attacks, but not all of them.

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