Perl was a very effective solution. Still lost. And I say that as a long time perl5 nut.
Rust is, indeed, just syntactically insane to a new learner (honestly, worse than perl ever was). And it's getting rapidly worse.
Rust's sometimes complicated syntax is made necessary by the very concept of the language. You need to be able to express lifetimes, you need to be able to express generics, you need to be able to strongly type lambdas etc... Of course the syntax is going to be a bit more complicated than, say, Common Lisp where everything is dynamic and garbage collected and you can let the runtime figure things out.
Perl 5 was syntactically insane because that's how the authors decided to do it. Effectively it didn't let you express things that were impossible in Lisp, Python, Ruby or JS. It's just a design choice to lean heavily on sigils and magic variables to favor short code even if it can be cryptic to people not intimately familiar with the language. I doubt anybody who hasn't used perl before will be able to figure out exactly what this does (and I'd argue that it's a fairly simple and idiomatic script, not some heinously cryptic code golf):
while (<>) { chomp(); s/f.o/bar/; print; }
I'd go even further: Rust does a better job than most languages at letting you only explicitly mention things that need to be explicitly mentioned. Thanks to the very powerful type inference you can write very tidy code, IMO much more so than in C where I have to explicitly type every intermediary variable that I would use for instance.
In a few cases having to do with lifetime management and the borrow checker, that's certainly true.
But the example at hand is fundamentally just cloning ideas from Javascript.
Can you elaborate?
Edit: OK, one tiny crumb: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html -- Read through that thinking about how other languages express the same fundamentally simple concepts, and consider how Rust invents new syntax for basically everything, and then sticks it all together by re-using syntax from other areas. Why does a parametrized enumerant look like a function call and not a struct? Why is "127.0.0.1" not a String? Why do parametrized enumerants look in rvalues like C++ constructor arguments, which you promised earlier Rust didn't have?
Don't tell me the answers to those questions. I know the answers. Just recognize that those are questions that every new reader to that very early page in your docs is going to have. And... did they even need to be questions in the first place?
If they come from Scala or Haskell then yeah, sure but I'd argue that most programmers these days are likely to come from JS, Python or Java/C#/C++ and copying Scala or Haskell syntax would look even more foreign to them. Rust instead preferred to go for a syntax inspired by C++
>Don't tell me the answers to those questions. [...] And... did they even need to be questions in the first place?
So you know the answers but you still think it shouldn't be done that way?
Having things like &str instead of forcing everything into a dynamic String is Rust's killer feature. It means that you can write safe code while not being forced into adding any overhead. You pay for what you use, to quote the C++ motto. That means that as Rust matures it becomes a good competitor for replacing C and C++.
I don't think this is an "invented new syntax"; plenty of languages with built-in support for sum types do it this way. Of course, most mainstream languages don't have built-in support for sum types, but that's an entirely unrelated point to Rust's syntax for them.
Because tuples are considered good things to have in a modern language. Structs and enum variants are just named versions of tuples (denoted with parentheses) or records (denoted with braces—unnamed records don't exist in Rust). To follow languages like Python, they're written "(1, 2, 3)". (It would be weird if tuples were written "{1, 2, 3}", right?) Therefore, a tuple named Foo is written "Foo(1, 2, 3)".
Removing tuples from the language was actually considered at one point, but the community (including me) really wanted them to stay, so they stayed.
> Why is "127.0.0.1" not a String?
Because it's a str, and there is a difference between str and String. Not having a string-view type would be a big mistake in a systems language like Rust. Note that "127.0.0.1" is not a std::string in C++ either (though there is an implicit constructor that can make it one).
In fact, the reason why we have both "str" and "String" is precisely to address your criticism: if we named "str" "string_view" or something, then people would be really surprised that a literal like "127.0.0.1" isn't a string.
> Why do parametrized enumerants look in rvalues like C++ constructor arguments, which you promised earlier Rust didn't have?
Because saying Rust has C++ constructors would just make things more confusing, because then people would expect them to behave like C++ constructors. It's less confusing to say that Rust doesn't have constructors like C++ does.
> And... did they even need to be questions in the first place?
I don't see any alternatives to the above that would make the language better instead of worse.
That is the case in Crystal. Doesn't feel weird - if anything it is consistent in that ()s always denote something to do with execution. Both ()s and {}s have multiple different other syntactic usages though, so it is not as if either is optimal.
Function calls can then be treated as functions from a single tuple argument, as is idiomatic in SML.
It's not inconsistent to hold the simultaneous beliefs that "trying to fix Rust's syntax would make it worse" AND "Rust's syntax is insane".
And given those beliefs, maybe adding a postfix operator to express what everyone else does with a function call was a poor call.
Nothing about the soundness of your design means that Rust isn't hard to learn, is all I'm saying. And per the freakshow all around us, it's getting harder, not easier.
If anything, Rust's managed to be a whole lot simpler than other languages. Python, JavaScript and C++ have some of the worst string encoding stories I've ever seen. And most popular languages don't even have sum types, so it's like they have an "and" and no "or".
I doubt all new readers will have those questions. It depends on their background. For example, plenty of languages use similar syntax for sum types (Scala, Swift, ML, Haskell, etc.).
Otherwise, I think the syntax is fairly reasonable.
For some version of "lost." It lost to $LANGUAGE_OF_THE_MOMENT for web development, but Perl is still a great text-munging and glue language, and I'll bet I'm not the only one using it for that. It didn't take over the world, but I'll bet that most people interact with a bit of Perl every day.
I agree that Rust is syntactically insane. Worse, while a Shell-and-C programmer would have some intuition about Perl syntax, a C++ programmer will almost start from scratch in Rust.