I don't generally click the links, but if I see something I like, I'll google it or go directly to the site. As for if advertisers "see" their ad being blocked: it depends on the way the ad is being blocked / served. Most adblockers just blacklist certain web domains, so if a JS call is made to that domain it is blocked. The advertiser won't ever see it was blocked or have to pay for it being shown. The website owners are usually the ones hurt most by adblockers.
Twitch gets around this now by integrating the ads directly into the video stream before it even hits your browser, so there is no way for a simple ad-blocker that blacklists domains to tell when the stream is streaming an ad vs the actual content.
Most publishers put up with adblocking because most ad companies offer "set it and forget it" solutions. Just drop a piece of JS into their HTML and they start earning money. Eventually publishers will get their ads via a REST API or something (server side) and splice the ads directly into the HTML themselves, so that the ad-blocker won't know what is content and what is ads.
At that point, ad blockers just have to make their best guess at which HTML elements (div/span/etc.) contain ads by checking names, dimensions, and other features and deleting that element.
I think their might be laws that say you have to explicitly label ads or sponsored content as such, so that might make it easier.