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NVMeOF (NVMe Over Fabrics) comes to mind, having multiple NVMe drives (mostly PCIe x4) + networking (100GbE uses x16 PCIe) consumes a lot of PCIe lanes.

Also note that current two-socket AMD Epyc servers use 64 lanes from each CPU for inter-CPU communication, so the entire server has only 128 lanes (out of 256) left for peripherals.

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Current Epyc servers have PCIe 3.0 connections. They could use half as many PCIe 4.0 connections and get the same bandwidth.

Yeah but realistically NVMe will remain on 4x and you'll get faster drives. It allows for double the number of ports in NICs though, which is really useful for 10+Gb (and especially 100)

I can imagine PCIE 4.0 cards with PCIE 3.0 NVMe interfaces on them - 8 NVMe drives each using 4 PCIE 3.0 lanes in a single PCIE 3.0 x16 slot

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