or CORBA...
More seriously. I'm not too familiar with Qt, but when I had to do a project in it I really hated how anti-modular it was. While it gets high praise from many people, I don't think it's possible to write sane software in it. It's bloat. Even though MFC (which I have to fight currently) is probably worse.
Instead, what we need is a simple API with opaque handles and C function calls. No fancy OOP or macro preprocessors. Simple OpenGL style. At least regarding portability, OpenGL made sane choices I think.
Immediate Mode GUI (IMGUI) has been a trend in the last years, and there are a few popular libraries like DearImGUI, but my impression is they are optimized for quick-and-dirty work. It seems that control and clarity is traded away for small local reductions of keystrokes.