A cursory search on details has broken this down to extractive / surgical vs. non-extractive / non-surgical orthodontics, the latter of which has proven to be effective before the palate and growth plates have fused -- in children.
Talk to somebody you trust with a degree in the field.
Tough ask for a lot of people! I have a distant uncle who works as a dentist in the Appalacians and does a lot of pro-bono work. My family has a tradition of taking the children on a trip to see him to ask if they really need braces. Often the answer is no.
I’d feel confident asking him this question, but I don’t think most people have someone like that.
“It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it” — Upton Sinclair
Orthodontists are dentists.
* chewing hard gum, falim/mastic, for jaw muscle development
* exerting pressure on the back of my hard palate with the tip of my tongue
* focusing on adjusting my breathing and swallowing patterns to press on the palate rather than elsewhere