DNA reveals we are all genetic mutts
news.harvard.edu
news.harvard.edu
This doesn't say what the author wants it to say. If 100% of the Y chromosomes come from the intrusive population, that doesn't mean that the intrusive population was entirely male. It means that 100% of indigenous males were exterminated, so that (after the intrusion) the male population was entirely intrusive. All the males being intruders is a very different concept from all the intruders being male.
or expelled, or otherwise prevented from being allowed to breed.
The way I read it, the author was perfectly aware of this interpretation.
Why this obsession with 'purity'? Isn't it obvious that, despite none being pure, some populations are more closely related?
It is obvious, and the same data shows that groups can be very pure indeed. From this very article:
> Genetics also show that India’s caste system, previously thought to have developed under colonial rule, was in place thousands of years earlier.
First, "previously thought to have developed under colonial rule" is just false. The ancient Greeks wrote about India's caste system, thousands of years ago.
Second, what the data shows is not a record of social structure. It shows that modern Indian castes have practiced endogamy -- mating within the group, with negligible inflow from other groups -- for thousands of years.
Most people would be happy to describe this state of affairs as "pure" ancestry.
Correct, the article is flat wrong on this. Indian sources that even predate the Greeks also speak in detail about the societal arrangement.
> Second, what the data shows is not a record of social structure. It shows that modern Indian castes have practiced endogamy -- mating within the group, with negligible inflow from other groups
Yes, but they are still sampled, albeit in varying proportions, from the same source populations, referred to in the literature as ASI and ANI, which are themselves composite groups.
Sure, but that was several thousand years ago. Again, most people are perfectly happy to describe unmixed ancestry for the last 2400 years as being "pure", and the castes go back farther than that.
Just because "most people" are willing to draw that line at 2400 years doesn't make it a valid argument.
At most you could say that there is genetic evidence to support the hypothesis that the castes have practiced endogamy for a long time, evidenced by their characteristic genetic admixtures from their shared source populations, and that the caste hierarchy is roughly correlated with ANI admixture rate. That doesn't equate to the word "pure" at all.
People are willing to make all sorts of claims about their and others' identities to suit their personal agendas, and it's their right to do so, but they aren't doing science.
What about the many millennia that elapsed between the last major shared human population bottleneck and 2400 years ago?
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha_Sukta
It's interpretation is varied and controversial to say the least.
But one shouldn't confuse the theoretical model presented in the liturgical texts (referred to with the term "varna", meaning "color" or "tone") with the concrete manifestation of traditional endogamous divisions in society (referred to with the term "jati", meaning "station of birth').
The ground reality is more oriented around the complexities of class, tribe, language and occupation, and even physical phenotype, which were then rationalized through the theoretical 4-fold system of caste.
There are parts of India (the southern and eastern parts) where the actual social structure doesn't map as cleanly to the 4-fold system, except among the higher castes. However endogamy and strong caste hierarchy is still just as common in these regions.
In terms of population genetics of South Asia specifically, here is a good place to start:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702070/#__sec2...
Because that trope has sadly persisted to this day in some quarters, it's falsehood needs to be continually exposed, especially by sciences such as biological anthropology, which were once used to promulgate it.
I don't know the specifics, but I've read that only certified Jews can officially marry in Israel. And the standards are so high that many "Jewish" immigrants don't qualify.
Now that we have DNA testing, I wonder if that will become the standard.
Because certain very specific subgroups have done this doesn't mean that they are "pure". These in-marrying groups are always descended from mixed populations in the first place, populations that predate the identity badges we ascribe to them today.
Tay Sachs, among the genetic diseases you alluded to, is also present in non Jewish populations, but at a lower rate:
https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/non-jews-increasingly-hit-by-...
> I don't know the specifics, but I've read that only certified Jews can officially marry in Israel. > And the standards are so high that many "Jewish" immigrants don't qualify.
People can convert to Judaism, and even be born into Judaism with one Jewish parent. This is very common among populations outside of Israel.
Large subgroups in Judaism, sephardi, baghdadi, etc, are genetically quite diverse in origin, and are significantly represented among the Israeli population.
Yes, but to strict orthodox, they're not really "Jewish".
At one point, I researched rabbinical criteria for determining pedigree and classifying degree of Jewishness. Who can marry who, and how any children are classified. It's mind-boggling. If I have some time while this thread is hot, I'll post some sources.
Edit: Here are some sources. Please note that they're Jewish sources. Not anti-Jewish sources.
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11977-pedigree
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4045946/jewis...
https://tikvahfund.org/uncategorized/intermarriage-can-anyth...
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/marriage-in-judaism
http://www.cohen-levi.org/jewish_genes_and_genealogy/the_dna...
Unless you are seeking to identify as "strict orthodox", why would it matter?
The majority of Jewish groups are welcoming to people from the outside, if they achieve the required objectives in terms of religious and cultural fluency.
But strict orthodox rules do apply in Israel. And that's not so insignificant. It's one reason why I'm in the US and not in Israel.
This doesn't follow from the researcher's statement at all. Just because the mechanism by which diversity happened thousands of years ago was often terrible doesn't mean we need to project that upon today, when we have much better mechanisms for genetic diversity, like immigration.
We, as a human society, have improved just a bit.
I think it's debatable. The tribes are much bigger but really little has changed.
It's surprising that rebuking racial purity as a concept would be so controversial today on a forum like this.
> Once upon a time, 4,000 to 8,000 years after humanity invented agriculture, something very strange happened to human reproduction. Across the globe, for every 17 women who were reproducing, passing on genes that are still around today—only one man did the same.
So it seems like this was a common pattern.
https://psmag.com/environment/17-to-1-reproductive-success
https://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2015/03/13/gr.186684....
This is such a shockingly ignorant statement that I wonder what Harvard is teaching these days.
“Colonial rule” means British rule presumably. I always assumed the caste system long pre-dated it, considering how entrenched it seems to be.
Of course, this was about preservation of wealth and power, and not so different from similar marriage practices among wealthy classes in England (as depicted in Downton Abbey)
The British didn't invent the sub-castes, but they effectively exploited them.
Perhaps there is no hard evidence because nobody is willing to risk their lively-hood over researching such claims. Just look at what they did to Dr. Watson. Heck, a few paragraphs above Reich was talking about African-Americans being genetically predisposed to prostate cancer as if it was a highly controversial topic.
Regarding school shootings in particular, my personal guess is that such sour actions on the average are merely a symptom of a hole in America's conscious, in that these semi-affluent white boys have lost meaning in life, and do not care if the actions they commit are grave. Of particular note is you do not see boys of abject poverty commit these actions, as they are more focused on not starving (and thus have something obviously meaningful to their life to prioritize).
Well that's certainly better than the third one.
>While only 40 percent of the population about 6,000 years ago comes from the Steppes, 100 percent of the Y chromosomes do.
From reading this article it seems another way that this could be phrased, is that we are all the descendants of perpetrators of genocide.
100% of your Ys coming from one place is the opposite of "mutt", too. But the only way you can get to do race science is by coming to the conclusion "There's no such thing as race" first, and making the details sound boring enough that nobody asks.
2 clusters: African and non-African
5 clusters: African, European, Asian, PNG/Australian Aboriginal, Native Americans
All the way to:
1 billion clusters: Individual families
When most people think of race they are talking about the number of groups that make clusters of major continents, where there wasn't much gene flow until 1492.
Google PCA ancestry (PC term for race) eg gnomAD:
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSZ-l...
Self reported race matches genetically determined race at rates in the high 90s.
A way to think about it without clustering etc:
People separated (usually by geography) long enough that they bred mostly amongst themselves, and developed characteristics different than other groups.
Yes, you can walk from Amsterdam to Beijing and see a gradient of people the whole way - but that doesn't mean you can't tell the difference between a Chinese person and a Dutchman.
Edit: So I clearly have some Mongol heritage. And so does my wife, who's Ukrainian. One of her grandmothers could have easily passed as a native in Mongolia.
One imagines a superposition of a video feed of the invasion of the steppe-people on horseback, stampeding the native defenses, cutting the male children's throats and raping the women, with a video a David Reich being like "we're all a little mixed".
Current: Tibet, West Papua, Rwanda?, Northern Europe perhaps?
I get why Reich says things like this, but you have to ask what it would mean not to be a "mutt". Is that even physically possible? If not, why do we need DNA testing of ancient skeletons to prove this?