So, let's say you have a Facebook account and go to "Mom & POP Shop, Inc. dot com". If "Mom & POP Shop, Inc. dot com" implements Facebook Pixel (or has a way to consume it) and you buy something from them, giving your phone number, address, etc., then your other information is automatically correlatable just by those two points of data.
The fact that 1,147 other companies have your information tells me that there was probably an intermediary advertising company between "Mom & POP Shop, Inc. dot com" and Facebook, so that intermediary could sell your information to anyone and everyone and, once it's on the "advertising market", it's ripe for correlation from other companies - Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc.
All that's need is at least one, consistent, correlatable point of data - say your mac address or your browser's established fingerprint and you're "fair game" for targeting on the "advertising market". (Insert Bill Hicks' reference to Marketing and Advertising[1] here.)