How? Is it public on your profile page? Have you ever used facebook apps or oauth/single sign on?
All you need is for one of those identifiers (email, phone number, facebook ID) to show up on a list somewhere. Since you say your email is unique and only used for Facebook, it's unlikely that was used for targeting. Your phone number could be acquired from somebody else syncing their contact list to some app or service. Your facebook ID could be acquired from you authenticating to an app or service via facebook, or it could be scraped from public group pages.