Really well written. The other articles in the series on computer graphics are excellent too. The use of GitHub to show diffs of each step is quite effective.
Little off-topic, but that's one of the reasons I like to use Magit on Emacs, you can see the diff of each commit interactively and intuitively.
Anyhow, with just git.
Diff of most recent commit:
git show HEAD
Diff of preceding commit: git show HEAD^
Diff of commit before that again git show HEAD^^
Of course you don’t want to type ^ 200 times. Fortunately you don’t have to. Diff of commit three steps back before most recent: git show HEAD~3
Or you can look at the log first git log
And find a specific commit and then use the first few characters of the id of that commit, e.g. git show af4c
And of course I would be remiss to not mention git diff
And git diff --cached
These two show you unstaged and staged changes before you commit. I use these commands all the time. So much that they are two of the commands I have created very short two-letter aliases for in my .bashrc alias di="git diff --cached"
alias dp="git diff"