Then what happens in 2 years when the "next big thing" comes out that is mind-boggling-ly awesome and obviously obsoletes TypeScript? The latest addition to JavaScript is Array.flat... it should be called Array.flatten, but there was a popular third-party library 15 years ago that used it and you can't go breaking the web every time there's a new "best way" to do things.
Each fan of each language will happily tell you why theirs is better than any others, and why it's the obvious choice to be the default in a browser. Everyone might agree they don't want JavaScript, but no one will ever agree on what should replace it. That's why your two options will only ever be "JavaScript" or "transformed/WebAssembly-fied other language".
I'd honestly rather have browser support less than more and I'm happy with type annotations remaining a language superset. The current typescript situation is actually fantastic and as a python dev, I envy it a lot.
Probably the largest problem I have with modern projects is how unfriendly they are to experiment with on the page, even if there's no intention to prevent it.
That said I could see some type introspection being useful in the devtools. This is probably already feasible though, as devtools are sourcemap aware. And typescript is written in typescript after all, so it couldn't be that hard to pull in support for it in the devtools, could it? :)
Cool idea!
Typescript can't supplant javascript or relegate it to a legacy language... because typescript doesn't compile to bytecode or machine language, but to javascript. Browsers that support typescript natively must by definition also support javascript natively, and the more of the former you have, the more of the latter you have.