It seems like using your CI provider to manage the credentials would be significantly more safe than checking them into even a private repository. For instance, there are several services that will scan or otherwise access your private repos for some purpose or another, and you wouldn't want to accidentally connect them while this is also in the mix.
A pre build step that templates the credentials into a file would be pretty easy to set up in most CI systems I've used, but I have no experience in CircleCI. (maybe 10 minutes of tinkering but that's it)
Finally I should note, I am not advising anyone to store their financial credentials with any third party. But if you've already made up your mind to do so, at least consider one that's meant to handle secrets in a secure manner.