Why Are Printed Circuit Boards Usually Green? (2017)
seeedstudio.com
seeedstudio.com
> In the early days, due to technological restrictions, quality inspections relied on workers manually checking the boards with their bare eyes. Squinting at tiny circuits all days is tiring work, but neurologists and psychologists agree that the wavelength of green light has relaxing effects on the body and can reduce fatigue. Additionally, they have found that the sensors in human eyes, or cones, are most sensitive to green light. Therefore, the contrast is greater between the circuit traces, pads, silkscreen printing and empty spaces. Just by observing the boards from the outside, one can easily identify defects in the outer layers. Compare the below images of green boards to other colors such as blue, yellow or even black and white. With higher contrast, errors are easier to spot.
Perhaps an IDE theme with a green background would be similarly helpful for programmers. Any particular suggestions?
But since people have many more rods than cones, black/white contrast is easier to discern and white uses all the subpixels in your display to maximize luminance. And speaking of subpixels, subpixel antialiasing effectively triples your resolution when displaying black/white contrast.
The brain also highlights contours of contrasting black/white. (There's an evolutionary quirk in our blue-sensing cones that allows you to see contrasting blue/yellow better than most combinations too but still not as well as black/white.)
So sharp white on black or black on white are typically better suited to human vision if you're trying to discern outlines like when reading text.
Black/white also avoids the persistence effects that cones have, where when you look away from a green image for example, you'll see an inverted magenta copy of the image for a second or two.
I'm not going back, but if you're into it, maybe try: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=gerane.T...
Anything else fit this pattern today?
Most likely a myth. There’s tons of articles on it, but here’s one to get you started:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/fact-of-fiction-...
Small but meaningful advantage in a manual application:
* Guiding the user to guide a complex machine through a precise sequence of steps in order to achieve a goal, such as reading mail or writing a letter
Automation:
* Natural language recognition, shell scripting
Economy of scale:
* Beautiful formatted text has lost its value due to being ubiquitous, and more and more document processing consists of copying and pasting in an e-mail program
What I'd like to see is a developer board targeted at the education market that uses colours to show the traces.
I think that at least showing the power and ground could reduce the risk of shortouts. It would be a lot easier for teachers to say "plug the red wire into the red pin" instead of "the top right ... no, other top, turn it around".
[1] Raspberry Pi pinout https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*QlSyHfcfNu4ePpNoN...
[2] https://i2.wp.com/makezine.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/20...
Well blowing stuff up is part of the electronic learning experience isn't it? :)
Possibly chemically. Practically? EVERY other solder mask color is better.
I find that because green is the default, cheap, PCB soldermask, manufacturers thin it to hell and back in order to save money. As such, I regularly get coverage gaps over vias underneath QFN components which then short to the pad underneath the chip. (Manufacturing tip: if you can, only put vias underneath the chip that are tied to the same signal as the QFN thermal pad and your reliability will be much better.)
If I want good soldermask coverage, I always order an alternate color (with the requisite expense) and almost always get great results.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_SMS_card_circuit_side...
Examples here: http://golddredgervideo.com/kc0wox/tek/7504/detailedpictures...
Whole scope is a work of art!
If it wasn’t for mechanical switches, pots, contacts and some dubious thermal design I imagine the kit would last for 100 years easy. I have 40-50 year old stuff on my bench in daily use.
I haven't used that service since maybe 2007, OshPark Super Swift and Chinese vendors have made it obsolete.
They were tan because they were made of phenolic paper (wood fiber) laminate. Modern PCBs are moade of glass fiber epoxy laminate material and they're usually clear/white without any solder mask dyes.
It's interesting to see a similar phenomenon with desktop PC motherboards: "gamer" or otherwise "enthusiast" boards are often a non-green colour and come with superfluous design elements (like plastic covers over the actual components, which sort of remind me of the engine covers on newer cars...), while both the ultra-cheap prebuilt and ultra-expensive server boards remain green and free of fluff.
It probably is a lot to do with fashion though. It’s literally one of the only reasons that I always specify blue or black soldermask at work - just looks a lot cooler. Green boards just have that late-90’s electronics look.
And while people definitely geek out over servers, it's nearly all about specs. After all, why make something that gets hidden away in a rack in a DC look pretty?
I suspect that is one reason Apple isn't using green mask, since the connotation for many people is 'cheap'
For instance, white dyes are hard (for a lot of things) because white dye particles are large[1] and you need a lot of them. That means they can interfere with curing.
Green dye can be relatively small amounts since green is so visible to the human eye, but afaik its more down to the fact that theyve been able to tune the dyes down better over time.
[1]: also why you can't dye anodized aluminum white. Most dyes are colored at the molecular level, and are much smaller than the wavelengths they reflect. White dyes need to reflect every wavelength, and normal molecules only reflect quite narrow ranges where they resonate.
In order to reflect white light you need particles at minimum the size of the wavelength. Then you need a range of particles for each wavelength. In practice this judt gives you black, since each particle will also be absorbing light at other wavelengths. You need one size of particle with fine, often fractal-like microstructure that has features at every size. That means white dye particles are hundreds of times larger than colored dyes.
It was partly a marketing choice, to make them stand out from conventional Sound Blaster cards.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravis_Ultrasound#Versions
And it took a while until I saw it become common -- I guess a big incentive was the appearance of side windows on PC cases. At first all DIY (Dremel), then commercially sold.
Another reasons: based on old military requirements and standard, UV (ultra-violet) sensitive photopolymers and LPISM technology patent story
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/82669/why-ar...