Why the Arabic world turned away from science (2011)
thenewatlantis.com
thenewatlantis.com
1: https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/06/09/the-co...
Or in other words, to what extent is this a cultural issue rather than a religious one?
1: https://www.usnews.com/education/arab-region-universities/en...
2: https://www.businessinsider.com/most-technological-countries...
No, history is not just a confusing mass of details. There are larger patterns, and I bet you make use of them in your own thinking.
More specifically, the picture the author presents is in fact what the scholars who have studied the issues have determined to be true.
https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-educat...
This is a pretty blunt and unconvincing dismissal of some pretty huge factors.
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The article makes some pretty strong claims that Islam currently has some fundamental beef with science due to a philosophical beef with causality as a "natural" force that does not exist in the West. I must disagree, not with the idea that Islam has this beef, but that this beef does not exist in the West. It is simultaneously true that Christians have been scientists, and that Muslims have been, and that both institutions have, at various times both endorsed and indicted the scientific method - and more specifically the idea that natural phenomena are causal without the influence of god.
Perhaps the author has heard of Leibniz's seminal work, Monadology? In this work Leibniz essentially argues that all action and causality in the universe is the result of God's great plan unfolding, that every action and reaction is predetermined, stored in every fragment of matter and that causality effectively does not exist. Now, according to the article, this kind of denial of causality is antithetical to scientific thinking and progress. Leibniz, along with Newton, is widely credited with the discovery of Calculus.
They were men of their times and their belief that god directed the natural world ( or that the natural world worked according to god ) didn't stop their scientific pursuits.
I doubt religion is solely responsible for the arab world's lack of scientific research. It's probably a mix of political instability, levels of poverty, lack of leadership by the elites and dependence on oil, gas and natural resources for wealth.
The article sites some hard reason here but then argues them away: the Mongols sacking of Baghdad and the Spanish reconquista. I wonder how Europe would look like today if somebody had sacked Italy during the renaissance. In my book Europe was just lucky that it was shielded from significant disruptions (relative to the rest of the world) during the high and late middle ages due to geography and partition into competing centers.
I’ve read (probably on Wikipedia..) that it’s theorized that the Renaissance was actually largely caused by the fall of Constantinople and the resulting migration of intellectuals and writings (from classical antiquity)from east to west back into Italy (and Florence specifically) The rebirth was for the west, the east (Byzantine empire) never lost the culture of knowledge.
Europe ( italy mostly ) was lucky because the pope decided to "submit" to the mongols and they were rewarded handsomely with trade privileges. The italian renaissance was a direct result of immense wealth generated by trade with the mongol empire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_non_solum
Without the mongol empire, there is no trade, no transfer of knowledge and technology from the east to the west and no italian wealth and hence no italian renaissance.
Interestingly enough, without the mongol empire ( or the collapse of it ), there is no columbus, no discovery of americas, no european exploration and therefore no enlightenment.
In 1480, the russians finally ended the reign of the Golden Horde and ended europe's trade link to the east. 12 years later, an italian sailor set out to find another trade link to the east.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_stand_on_the_Ugra_river
We aren't taught this in school but central theme of the past 500 years has been europe trying to establish trade links with the east ( primarily china and india ) that the mongol empire had provided them from the 1200s to the 1400s.
> In 1480, the russians finally ended the reign of the Golden Horde and ended europe's trade link to the east. 12 years later, an italian sailor set out to find another trade link to the east.
Interesting, where does the silk road pass through Russia? I thought the end of trade between China with Europe had had more to do with the Ming dynasty closing in on itself (after the and of the Yuan dynasty). Go figure.
Or decline of great trading cities of Central Asia after Timur armies destroyed their water canals during comquest...
Leibniz's strange philosophy has had no impact at all on science in the West.
> It is simultaneously true that Christians have been scientists, and that Muslims have been, and that both institutions have, at various times both endorsed and indicted the scientific method - and more specifically the idea that natural phenomena are causal without the influence of god.
The author did not deny that. He is talking about the overall trends.
What is this claim based on? His philosophy didn't have an impact on his own science, so perhaps a claim that a belief that God creates a mere appearance of causality, kills science, is a little overblown.
>The author did not deny that. He is talking about the overall trends.
While hand waving away GDP and other, more obvious indicators.
https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10064.html
"Because nearly all of these figures wrote in Arabic, they were long assumed to have been Arabs. In fact, they were from Central Asia--drawn from the Persianate and Turkic peoples of a region that today extends from Kazakhstan southward through Afghanistan, and from the easternmost province of Iran through Xinjiang, China."