- Violently forcing "trade" to happen, often under an "East India Company". You can have cannon balls or opium.
- Forcing the local administration to learn the language and legal system of the imperial power. Why do they speak English in Kenya?
- Suppressing local rule. How many people had to die in independence wars?
- Moving people around who didn't want to be moved. Plantation Rum anybody?
To compare current China with something like the British Empire is not very reasonable.