b) "I also doubt he'd risk surfacing near a foe armed to the teeth so shortly after cessation of hostilities"
Ok. This. I would say, yes, they would risk it on the German side. Germans were known to run to American troops for safety. The 'bad war' wasn't between the US and the Germans. The Germans weren't dumb they knew if they surrendered to the US they would have international rights and be treated like POWs.
c) Sure. But that left each vessel to their own devices. I would imagine many surrendering to the US (but still have arms on board).
"I have no idea how many submarines were still operational and on patrol come V-E Day"
I would say not many. Many due to gasoline restrictions. Being a Uboat wasn't hard, it was being an axis allied gasoline tanker that was hard.