They can always do whatever they want to your Uber account, because TOS’ are jokes. The rest they can only do to your CC company, they can’t ding your credit report or anything of the sort. I don’t know where you’re getting that idea.
A quick google search reveals lots more, and none that I saw saying companies can’t come after you for a disputed charge. Most won’t, and most of those that do will only do it if they can clearly show they’re in the right, and you should be able to beat any collection attempt if they aren’t, but they can try.
Prime example: gym memberships