There were a couple of fixes in Autolayout constraint resolution that were at least quadratic but are now linear.
The prefetching in table views was optimized to make scrolling them smoother.
A lot of RAM is saved by big improvements to the backing stores for image resources.
They made app launching faster.
The on screen keyboard comes up faster, and they made it respond to typing faster.
Opening the camera from the lock screen has been made faster.
The end result is that with iOS 12, apps launch twice as fast, camera app opens 70% faster, and the keyboard comes up twice as fast too.
That being said, the performance upgrade is well worth it.
I assume the iOS12 update includes a combination of more aggressive waking and maximizing of performance along with a reverting of what they did previously to old phones when they lowered their performance to maintain the battery life of the degraded battery. If you remember there was quite a bit of scandal about this earlier this year.
My guess is your old iPhone's battery will also last half as much as it did originally within months. Yes, it's a factor of the new changes, but let's not forget it's primarily a factor of Apple using batteries that lose a significant percentage of their capacity after 2 years in the iPhones, and then hiding much of that by slowing your iPhone down. Maybe Apple should put higher quality batteries in their phones - just saying.
As far as I can tell this simply isn't true. My iPhone SE is at 89% of maximum capacity after 2.5 years of very regular use. It's standing up pretty well.
I think it was mostly immature technology adopted relatively early. There have been advances in battery tech, and it takes time to work kinks out.
Compared to what available and suitable miraculous technology?