Many (most?) doctors work as if their knowledge was exact and exhaustive, and every symptom that's not in the book is binned as psychosomatic or psychiatric, and basically blamed on the patient.

You know this since you have a medical degree, but to inform general readers, here's what takes to become a doctor in the USA[1]:

   K-12
   4 years college, perhaps pre-med emphasis
   4 years medical school
   3 to 7 years residency
   1 to 4 years fellowship (for specialization)

After all that, they probably do think they know it all. But in reality their knowledge has only scratched the surface.

Perhaps the right answer is even more specialization? Maybe that's where places like the Mayo Clinic come in? Maybe an organization like that is big enough that they can have specialists who can recognize and treat all the rare conditions that are "not in the book"?

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school#United_States