The largest company which tracks surfing habits without need for HTTP cookies is Amazon. When you visit every website hosted on AWS, Amazon tracks you, without saving/reading any cookies. The same is for any server hosting provider companies.
So I'm going to go on a limb and say you are probably wrong.
When you visit a website hosted on AWS, your IP and browser fingerprint are all sent to AWS's servers, that is why they can track you. Whether or not they really track you is another thing.
Is that just an unsubstantial accusation or do you have a source for that?