Still, I wonder if the terminal emulators could use less CPU and be faster if they refreshed only with the frequency of the monitor.
An interesting insight from the tests is that the execution speed of a program can depend on the speed of the terminal emulator.
However I do agree with your point that this "shouldn't" happen in practice (ie any decent hardware you'd expect to have buffers to prevent that kind of write errors).
I Wouldn't think that the terminal is the actual problem, but running the same job side by side consistently failed on the gnome terminal and finished successfully on urxvt.
On a side note, OP remark on CD-ROMs was regarding writing, CD-ROMs write feed had to be an uninterrupted, continuous stream, and the smallest hiccup would blow the operation and render the media useless.
EDIT: alacritty took 4.15 and 54% cpu.
I should note these results are all from second runs.