My understanding is, this is not because Bayesian filtering solved the spam problem forever. It's because Bayesian filtering solved the spam problem for long enough for Gmail to dominate email.
Google had a ton of data and they were already using it to recommend ads, so they were well-positioned to use it to make the best spam filter. Unlike the things that came before, you could rely on Gmail's filtering. You didn't have to sort your spam folder ever. This was a clear advantage bringing even more people to Gmail.
Now the thing discouraging email spammers isn't any given filter, it's the fact that Google owns email and the cost of messing with Google is too high.
(I am not saying that this, in particular, makes Google evil. Another way to look at it is, Google saved email as a usable medium, by centralizing it.)