That would make sense if you could meaningfully recycle filters, like you can glass bottles. This would end up being a false economy subsidy more than likely. No thanks.
Caveat, all the old butts pre-deposit could probably still get returned for $0.20, which would require some money from somewhere.
Pursuing biodegradable (in a non-geological timescale) filters is probably a better all around option anyway since even with a deposit not all soda cans make it back, compliance for something like cigarette butts would be far less because of the issues outlined in the article.
I can get behind your second paragraph (though it wasn't there originally, which is probably why you got flagged).