As a counter-example, Sweden has national personal ID number system where everyone is assigned a number at birth. This is fine as a primary key in databases but it's not exactly a secret so can't be used to authenticate someone.
The banks stepped up to this challenge and created a common digital signature system called "BankID" where you get either a certificate/private key file (PC) or app (mobile). BankID is used for online filing of taxes, filing change of address, signing up for stuff like insurance, anything that traditionally would require a physical signature. ID verification is done by bank branches when you sign up for internet banking.