Can anyone recommend a good article or video (preferably video) that gets into how CPUs work at a somewhat fundamental level? Ideally geared towards someone who's generally familiar with computing concepts and not a total layman.
Modern chips are obviously far more complicated than that though.
https://www.edx.org/course/computation-structures-2-computer...
The course starts with making analog transistors and tweaking them into handling digital data. Then making gates and combining them into state machines and ALUs and slowly putting together the pieces of a full CPU.
The last third is adding caches, pipelining, virtual memory, multiprocessing, etc. It's useful too.
Computer Organization and Design by Hennessy and Patterson used to be a standard, if not the standard. The 4th edition is 7 years old now, but if an article about the 8087 caught your eye...