It's a ridiculous apples-and-hammers comparison thinly veiled as an intelligent critique.
Also, is a world where he NYT is subscriber only really preferable?
I think you invite the “false dichotomy” by making the comparison between plain text Moby Dick and the front page of one of the most successful newspapers in the world in 2018. I agree with many of your points but find the way you make your argument to be full of comparisons of apples and oranges while avoiding proposing any kind of solution.
I don’t have any great ideas myself, but part of me sees the Americans with Disabilities Act as a model for getting this done.
I really don’t like AMP because of the Google Cache and the potential for google to bias their search results page to emphasize AMP pages over similarly performing non AMP pages, but it’s a better thought out attempt to fix “the Bullshit Web” than anything else I’ve seen, and it has been extremely successful in decreasing payload size for many readers of sites like NYT and other major publishers.
Examples would be the same publications 10 or 20 years ago. They weren't exactly plain text but they were a lot lighter and the content has not improved measurably in that time.
Here's one from the 70's that's still going: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel
Minitel isn't a publication? I'm familiar with Minitel, I've read a book on it, but I don't know what you're trying to insinuate by linking it here in a discussion about publishing.
Also, "still going strong?" Minitel was discontinued, in 2012. Because France has the modern internet now.
Also, browsers have good enough typography by default, which can be controlled with CSS.