A Radical New Scheme to Prevent Catastrophic Sea-Level Rise
theatlantic.com
theatlantic.com
Unlike many global geo-engineering projects to prevent global warming, this one looks somehow realistic.
This is going to sound mighty unpopular - it already does to me while I try to formulate the right way to say this in my head...
But at what point do we need to conclude that saving the nearly 8-billion human beings and the overall habitability of the Earth is of greater importance than certain animals living in individual biomes?
I know it's not the contemporary, popular thing to think about. But if the alternative is the mass displacement and deaths of humans, it feels like it's something we're going to have to make a decision on.
I've never lived in the US, so anyone, please correct me if i'm wrong, but anecdotally I have heard that Americans don't generally have (or use) outdoor clothes lines to dry their washed clothes, rather they just use a dryer. I live in Australia and when I learned this I was floored. That approach is unthinkable in Australia due to our astronomical energy costs (South Aus, where I live has the highest energy cost in the world).
With our high prices, we only very occasionally use dryers which are a horribly inefficient way to dry clothes.
Maybe the solution to affect peoples' behaviour is to dramatically increase the cost of (dirty) energy.
That is called a carbon tax. It is supported by every serious economist on the left and right, as well as by the majority of the US population. It is also in place in most EU countries, most Canadian provinces, Japan and India.
South Australia isn't Buffalo in February, nor is it Seattle in every month not ending in -gust.
A very large number of human beings, even among those that accept the science of climate change and it’s likely consequences, have proven remarkably resistant to ANY persuasion to voluntarily moderate their lifestyles even a little to make the kind of changes that, if they were made en-masse, could mitigate the worst impacts. They are even MORE resistant to even mild attempts to impose change by way of a carbon pricing mechanism. God forbid I may have to pay 5% more for certain goods, or that I should sacrifice one of my SUVs.
My main gripe therefore with these geoengineering proposals is twofold.
1. On what planet where we we’re not willing to pay even a modest price on carbon, are we going to be willing to pay trillions for geoengineering projects?
2. Geoengineering is yet another reflection of that innate human desire to externalise costs as much as possible. Whether that be the cost of labour, pollution, or climate change. It’s always the ‘other’ that should bear the worst costs - the third world, the whales, the forests, whatever.
The attitude of placing greater importance on ‘us’ over everything and everyone else is exactly what got us into this fine mess, AND STILL IS. You may think your view is unpopular but only insofar as people don’t actually want to hear the truth about themselves.
Note: I’m already aware that my two points may be slightly contradictory.
So. Much. Fucking. Carbon. Trillions is nothing if it means no consumer-level caps on carbon output for the next generation or two.
So not a permanent fix then. Just kick that can down the road and let your grandkids sort it out. That’s exactly what I meant by externalising costs and getting someone else to pay, in this case the future.
How popular might it be? Like, kill the whole coal industry around the world; who would mind? Make fuel, say, 2x as expensive; who would mind? Make barbecue coals as expensive as the meat; would anyone notice? Also, enforce it globally, including places like India, Russia, or China, the latter critically dependent on coal-based electricity.
Now compare to building some walls around glaciers, maybe mere thousands of miles.
I heard somewhere a great parable. Imagine that some aviation specialist would analyze plane hijacking data and recommend to install strong locked doors to pilot cabins on airliners. It would have prevented 9/11, saved thousands of lives, and would have been incomparably cheaper than all those security measures implemented in the aftermath. But likely every airline would be against this unneeded expense, and it would be very hard to push this measure.
Same thing with the global warming, wars, and various other (impending) catastrophes: people hope that they'll get by somehow; how bad it can really be? You see, nothing is happening! When it hits, the view changes drastically, but it's too late already.
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/carbon-pric...
The other point I'll make about huge big-bang projects is that in recent decades they've only ever been achieved by authoritarian regimes that don't need the kind of consensus that kills such projects in western democracies. We live in a world where a significant fraction (perhaps majority?) of the citizenry is largely ignorant, anti-science, distrusts authority, believes in outrageous conspiracy theories and lacks the ability to form coherent thoughts about most things. I put it to you that your chance of getting a large-scale geo-engineering project supported by that majority at a direct cost to them (a cost that can't be moderated by behaviour changes by the way) is practically zero outside an outright dictatorship.
I certainly don't disagree with you. I should make note that while I am a conservationist at heart, this was more a 'devils advocate' position I was bringing up.
Even discounting feeding 8 billion humans, just the maintenance required in keeping Spaceship Earth in a state (reliably) hospitable to humans is a surprisingly extensive task.
Even if the later stages (building 60-mile-long sills beneath floating ice) seem unlikely to be cost-efficient, this part definitely sounds like it could be feasible; It's especially notable to me amongst climate-related megaprojects in that it does not require any new developments, but rather uses extant, mature technologies. Building the sills would require "only" time and money.
Surely there would be a better ROI if that money were spent on efforts to replace fossil fuel power with low-carbon alternatives, electrification of ground transport, etc?
If we can reduce carbon emissions by 90% or so, quickly enough, then the climate should stabilise. If that fails, then we can build the mega-projects as a desperate last stand.
we might well be at “desperate last stand” right now.
Large ships are large, and, unlike aircraft, have sufficient room and carrying capacity to install reasonably efficient carbon-capturing devices.
It will cost a lot, of course.
We see lots of models for corporate raiders using loss leaders to attack bloated industries, but not much else. Also, with technology, the actual cost of development is extremely murky and variable. The only things that seem to motivate loss leader tactics is the end game of cornering a market.
In the case of SkySails, ship owners are averse to the up front cost, even if it means leaving money on the table, long term, by keeping their prices the same, but saving the fuel money with the sail, and pocketing the difference.
So, push to integrate with newly built ships, and then what? Offer freebie/rebate deals? But then they never get used because crew are lazy, and bored, but not that bored, and lazy wins. Plus dealing with tangled lines means the kite is all but ruined without a rigger available. So does that mean training at least one crew member to rig the kite?
It seems like maybe SkySails would need to operate a consultancy, where they supply a crew member who operates the kite on commission, collecting a cut of the savings in fuel costs. Then it becomes not unlike the vending machine model.
Companies permit vending machines on the premises, because they know employees want snacks, so they let a coin-op company install soda and candy machines, and they get a cut of whatever the machine pulls in.
So now, if that works, and then SkySails attacks the ship building angle, they've grown an ecosystem of consultant experts, and some of them can operate as free agents, once ship builders normalize SkySail integration as a common well-known add-on to maritime operations.
Sounds like a business odyssey, thinking it over, but with decades of quiet patience and dedication, maybe it'd work.
But fuel oil is really just a byproduct of refining crude. It's the muck left over when you've extracted everything else that's useful. And of course, it is not taxed, so prices don't account for it's environmental externalities.
If we can reduce overall demand for petroleum products, this should eventually cause fuel oil prices to rise because there'll be less crude being refined, and thus reduced supply.
The real problem is, you need lots of oils and there synthesis and using chemical fuel as energy storage seems a certainly feasible path, however it is again quite a bit more complicated than just drilling a hole in the ground.
Planting trees ought to do it.
It was "easy" when tree trunks kept falling into ancient swamps for millennia. Right now it's not as feasible.
It’s hard to imagine any carbon capture technology that has a better ROI compared to technologies that reduce emissions.
Or to put it another way, it’s much cheaper to not emit carbon in the first place than to try and recapture it.
According to the IPCC, even their conservative estimates indicate a requirement for some kind of atmospheric carbon removal to avoid severe climate related problems. Even if we could somehow reduce carbon emissions by 100% tomorrow we'd still need mega-projects.
The time for reduction was perhaps 30 years ago when James Hansen testified before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Which still overpredict the actual warming which has taken place.
What I like about the proposal in the subject article is that it actually focuses on a measurable impact--sea level rise--and a remedy targeted at that specific impact. It doesn't drag in speculative scenarios based on models that have been falsified by the data.
Overpredict? According to what?
According to NASA[1] we're already at a 0.9 degree anomaly for 2017. The IPCC prediction[2] is 1 degree anomaly in 2020 for the worst case prediction in the worst case scenario.
The NASA anomaly is relative to 1951-1980 average while IPCC is 1986-2005 average. So it's not a perfect comparison. But if you want to look at IPCC's best case scenarios, the prediction is about 0.1 degree, which certainly refutes your claim that they overpredict.
[1]: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/
[2]: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FI... See page 11
See, for example, here:
https://judithcurry.com/2015/12/17/climate-models-versus-cli...
Note that this actually understates the overprediction, because the models whose average is shown included three sets of models that made three different assumptions about how CO2 would rise. But CO2's actual rise over the period where we're comparing models with data was about the same as the assumption of the "worst case" (or "business as usual") scenario, so that scenario is the only one that's relevant to the comparison between models and data. And when you compare just that sheaf of models with the data, the divergence between model and data is even larger.
For the reasons why the upper troposphere temperature comparison is more relevant than the surface temperature comparison (which is what is shown in the IPCC AR5), see the article.
> According to NASA[1] we're already at a 0.9 degree anomaly for 2017. The IPCC prediction[2] is 1 degree anomaly in 2020 for the worst case prediction in the worst case scenario.
But, as you note, the two anomalies are relevant to two different baselines. That means the comparison is invalid, not "not perfect".
> if you want to look at IPCC's best case scenarios, the prediction is about 0.1 degree
That's for future temperature change under the future best case scenario. It has nothing to do with past temperature change under the actual scenario that actually happened.
> See page 11
Those graphs don't show models vs. data. They show models only (and with the actual time period for which we have data compressed on the far left of the graphs so you can't extract any useful comparison with data from them).
The Summary for Policymakers, which is what you linked to, does not show any direct comparison between models and data for a period for which we have data. Previous reports did, but in this one they decided not to--it's only buried in the WG1 report, in Chapter 9, p. 768:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chap...
The divergence between the CMIP5 mean (red) and the actual temperatures (black) in the upper graph in the 2000s is visible; the EMIC mean in the lower graph only appears to go up to 2000 so it doesn't provide a useful comparison. Also, both of these graphs show all of the models, not just the ones whose CO2 rise assumptions matched reality over the data period, so they understate the actual overprediction for the reason I gave above.
Geoengineering seems like a foregone conclusion to me.
We know what to do: stop burning carbon, we have the technology today to replace carbon energy, we just want to do it as cheaply as possible without disrupting the Koch brother's revenue stream.
As for making people complacent: they're already complacent. I include almost everybody in that. The Paris agreement is unrealistic, lacks enforcement, and most countries are well behind their modest targets. Germany is increasing CO2 emissions because they're shutting down their nuclear plants. Etc, etc.
Maybe what makes good people complacent is watered-down, sugar-coated plans for fixing the climate. Just plant trees, put some solar on your roof, turn down your thermostat, we'll be fine. Maybe it would shake them out of complacency if we showed them what it would actually take to get us out of the mess we're in.
Partially block of course. I was in Maine last year during the big solar eclipse (in the US); I don't remember how much percent of the sun was blocked in that location but the temperature dropped several degrees and outdoors it only visibly got slightly darker in mid-day.
I'm completely naive and ignorant about the practicalities of space stuff and climate science. But it does always pop in my mind as the obvious way to cool things down.
Put a small concentration of aerosols (microscopic dust particles or other light absorbers/reflectors) in the upper atmosphere. Basically a scaled down version of what happens during a volcanic eruption. The impact of that is one of the (few) areas where we actually have good predictive power in climate science.
> would there be any downsides to attempting this?
Depends on how you feel about putting a small concentration of aerosols in the upper atmosphere. Also, you would have to do very small increments to avoid having more impact than you want.
Aerosols need to be topped up.
I am thinking about things like mass desertification, changing currents, etc.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/06/1510856112?sid=...