Higher wealth is no excuse to produce higher emissions, if anything it should be the opposite - those with the wealth should use it to better control all negative externalities.
Wealth != production, however. As a wealthy country, you are right to argue that we should be more efficient, but some types of “production” just inherently produce a lot of CO2. A country with no heavy industry will probably have a lower per capita carbon footprint than a country with a large steel industry, but the former country couldn’t necessarily produce that steel with any less carbon, and the atmosphere doesn’t really care where the initial source is, only the absolute numbers involved.
Very few manufactured goods directly require much in the way of emissions. Currently companies simply trading off external costs for free, but their are generally many viable alternatives should such emissions be fined.
Awesome. Let's get fining!
If you have two industries, one that is highly carbon intensive and another that is less intensive, it doesn't make sense to say each country should have a "fair share" of both. Maybe country A is better at the carbon intensive one and country B is better at the non-carbon intensive one, so there's no reason to expect countries to be equal in how much carbon per anything they use. From the perspective of the entire world, somebody has to do all sorts of different things, so it's probably not fair to discriminate between legitimate industries. We do want to reduce the amount of carbon used by all industries, but that doesn't mean it makes sense to require them to be equal. It would be like saying a heavy truck has to use the same amount of fossil fuels as a moped.