On Pixel 2, double press Power button to start the camera app; then use volume buttons to take the photo. Not as ergonomic as Sony, but still works.
I'm sure other phones have something similar.
Although physical buttons have a habit of failing (I have had multiple phones fail with button problems).
I have a Moto G3: double tap power to go into camera mode from the lock screen, or alternatively "waggle" it twice to get into camera mode (if screen turned off).
Both methods work, but I use them rarely enough that I still haven't learned to use either of them quickly when I actually need to take a photo quickly. And I am definitely a technically competent user.
There is a 5 direction one from Sony. One or two of these and a small black and white screen near the gauges should be all you'd ever need.
Might as well swipe the touchscreen (or a touchpad) with some haptic feedback.
At small sizes, well shaped buttons with all chosen stiffness and press depth are unbeatable. Not even a lever comes close. (think gamepads and analog sticks or hat controllers)
For analog input, levers are best, but they have to be big enough (joystick) though steering wheel comes close.
There is a good reason most vehicles use either a steering wheel, potentially multiaxis, or a joystick, augmented with buttons and levers. Stepped knobs are also good.
[0] https://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_m600-pictures-1425.ph...
So from "screen off" to "picture taken" it's "tap power twice, tap volume". So much better than I've had to get used to with my prior phone.