doesn't appear? why?
In fact, it's often at odds with understanding the intent of the code because you're limited to a set of statements that can be verified by the type checker. This can make it harder for the human reader to understand what the code is meant to be doing.
For example, it takes nearly 300 lines of code to encode insertion sort using types in Idris https://github.com/davidfstr/idris-insertion-sort/blob/maste...
A human reader has to be able to read that and understand that the types are encoding the intent correctly. I don't know about you, but I have a much easier time knowing whether the dynamically typed version in Python is correct or not:
def insertionSort(lst):
for index in range(1, len(lst)):
currentvalue = lst[index]
position = index
while position > 0 and lst[position - 1] > currentvalue:
lst[position] = lst[position - 1]
position = position - 1
lst[position] = currentvalue
I'd very much like to read more on this topic, but because my knowledge of type systems pretty much started with, and is limited to TypeScript, I don't know what to ask specifically. Have you written anything about this, or could you point me to any articles that discuss this difference?
Basically, I've become convinced that TypeScript, at least for anything nontrivial, is worth using over just JavaScript. There's nothing like it in the Elixir world, but I've been meaning to check out Dialyzer because I do sometimes miss what TypeScript offers.
I think that both approaches compliment each other in practice. I don't know any articles comparing the two though.
That's not true. It entirely depends on the power of your type system.
Types do not just encode "alignment" matching -- they can be used to encode all kinds of intent.
That of course is just the tip of the iceberg...
In Rust the type system enforces intend regarding the lifetime of a variable as well.
That's a test though -- and a contract is basically an assertion for such a test.
Types allow you to express and check things before the code is run.
It obviously is more effective, since you can prove parts of your programs behavior throughout at compile time -- whereas contracts depend on passing through some particular code.
Besides those are two different things. You can have types to do the heavy lifting AND contracts a la e.g. Eiffel
The goal is typically to ship software that works well enough in a reasonable amount of time, and my experience is that contracts provide a much better tool for doing that.
While contracts need to execute the code, generative testing provides you with a sufficient sample to be reasonably sure that the code is doing what you want. The contracts also let you directly specify what the code is intended to be doing, something that's not easy to do using the type system.
In some situations proving parts of the program behavior may be worth the effort, but I simply don't agree that it's true for the general case.
Might it not actually be easier to prove that the Python code sorts than that the Idris code proves sorting?
You can imagine 3 kinds of code :
- a code that describes the problem (that is both human readable and machine readable)
- a code implementing the solution (here, your Python script)
- a code proving the implementation correctly answers the problem (which would be math if you had to prove your Python code on a whiteboard)
The idea is more about reusing and sharing trusted code, re-running the proof on your own system to make sure it's legit, and move on. You don't need to look at the proof to use the sort function, you would only look at the code that describes the problem and make sure it's the right one for your problem at hand.
The machine can't show that your specification is correct, only that it's self consistent. What you're doing is writing a proof that the compiler will use to verify your code. However, if you make a mistake in your proof, then the compiler will happily verify the wrong thing.
The argument is that it's much harder to spot a mistake in a 300 line Idris proof than it is in a 5 line Python implementation.
I don't use theorem provers in my to day to day tasks, but I had the 101 course at University. Back then I wrote basic proof with the tools, and if your problem is correctly stated and entered in the system, you simply CAN'T arrive to an invalid proof. The only way to fool the compiler is to use logical shortcuts, which are clearly defined in term of language keywords, so you know exactly where is the weakness in the proof, and look for them.
Edit : I don't know every theorem provers out there, so to give a bit more context about my experience, it was with the Coq theorem prover
How is that different from: If your problem is correctly stated, and correctly coded into in the system using x86 machine language, then you can't arrive at a bug!
It's entirely possible to have a but in the proof itself, at which point your program is going to incorrect.
Reading and understanding the Idris proof is actually more work than understanding the untyped Python version, therefore it's actually harder to say whether it's correct or not in a semantic sense.
They found a bug in Java’s binary search after 10 years of it going unnoticed, so I think you’re overestimating your own ability to prove code correct in your head.
Generative testing/spec is absolutely useful. It doesn’t subsume static typing and much less theorem proving though, and you can QuickCheck your pre and postconditions in static languages as well.
The thing to realize is that theorem proving is not a business goal in most cases. What you care about is being able to deliver software that works well in a reasonable amount of time. Sure, you might end up with a binary search bug in your code that goes unnoticed for 10 years, but clearly the world didn't stop because of that, and people have successfully delivered many projects in Java despite that bug that work perfectly fine.
Java is not a theorem prover, and your comment was about theorem provers.
> you wouldn't end up with an error in a specification
Again, completely orthogonal to your argument. If you have an error in specification tests won't help you because you'll test the wrong thing.
> The thing to realize is that theorem proving is not a business goal in most cases. What you care about is being able to deliver software that works
Again, your comment was about "saying things are correct in the semantic sense". You're saying now "I don't care about correctness in the semantic sense, I care about delivering software that "works" (whatever this means; clearly it doesn't mean software without bugs) in a reasonable amount of time" and that's fine. I do too, but again, nothing to do with your original argument.
No, my comment was about formal methods in general. Every type system is a form of a machine assisted proof in practice. It's just that most type systems don't allow you to prove interesting things about your code.
The main problem is that of basic cost/benefit analysis. If it takes significantly more effort to write a full formal proof, and you end up sometimes catching minor errors, the effort is not justified in most scenarios.
>Again, completely orthogonal to your argument. If you have an error in specification tests won't help you because you'll test the wrong thing.
This is completely central to my argument. I'm saying that encoding a meaningful specification using a type system is a lot more difficult than doing that using runtime contracts, or even simply reasoning about the code unassisted.
I can read through the 5 lines of Python code implementing insertion code, and be reasonably sure that it's correct. I would have a much harder time verifying that 300 lines of Idris are specifying what was intended.
> You're saying now "I don't care about correctness in the semantic sense, I care about delivering software that "works" (whatever this means; clearly it doesn't mean software without bugs) in a reasonable amount of time" and that's fine. I do too, but again, nothing to do with your original argument.
I'm saying that you have diminishing returns. What you want to show is semantic correctness, and type systems are a poor tool for doing that. So, while you can use a type system to do that in principle, the effort is not justified vast majority of the time.
Binary search is possibly one of the simplest and most basic CS algorithms, and yet, it took people who were "reasonably sure" 10 years to find that bug.
> I would have a much harder time verifying that 300 lines of Idris are specifying what was intended.
Then don't use Idris?
> I'm saying that you have diminishing returns.
I agree. However, that was not your argument. Your argument was that tests subsume proofs, and that's obviously wrong.
Also, types vs tests is a false dichotomy. Personally, I find a strongly typed language + QuickCheck to be the most practical way of developing complex software. YMMV, and that's fine.
Again, saying there is a bug is not interesting. The question is how much this bug costs you, and how much time you're willing to invest in order to guarantee that you won't make that type of a bug.
>Then don't use Idris?
I think you entirely missed the point I was making here.
>I agree. However, that was not your argument. Your argument was that tests subsume proofs, and that's obviously wrong.
My point is that tests and runtime contracts provide sufficient guarantees in practice. Nowhere have I argued that they provide the same guarantees as proofs. The argument is that the cost of the proofs is much higher, and the proofs themselves can be harder to reason about making it harder to tell they're proving the right thing.
Consider the case of Fermat's last theorem as an example. It's pretty easy to state: a^n + b^n = c^n, and it's easy to test that this is the case for a given set of inputs that you might care about. However proving that to be the case for all possible inputs is a monumental task, and there are only a handful of people in the world who would even be able to follow the proof.
>Also, types vs tests is a false dichotomy. Personally, I find a strongly typed language + QuickCheck to be the most practical way of developing complex software. YMMV, and that's fine.
Again, that is not a dichotomy I was suggesting. My point was that I think runtime contracts are a more effective way to provide a semantic specification than a static type system. I also said that static typing restricts how you're able to express yourself, leading to code that's optimized for the benefit of the type checker as opposed to that of the human reader. I'm not sure how you got types vs tests from that.
That was your original, nonsensical, point (emphasis mine).
> My point is that tests and runtime contracts provide sufficient guarantees in practice.
That's your revised point (which I don't care much about discussing), after moving the goalposts sufficiently.
I agree with you on that part. However, if the whole stack of computer technologies were more reliable, we would maybe think about new business usecases that we subconsciously dissmised because of lack of trust in current technology.
Also worth noting that nobody has been able to show that static typing leads to more reliable code in practice https://danluu.com/empirical-pl/
Claiming that to be the case putting the cart before the horse. A scientific way to approach this would be to start by studying real world open source projects written in different languages. If we see empirical evidence that projects written in certain types of languages consistently perform better in a particular area, such as reduction in defects, we can then make a hypothesis as to why that is.
For example, if there was statistical evidence to indicate that using Haskell reduces defects, a hypothesis could be made that the the Haskell type system plays a role here. That hypothesis could then be further tested, and that would tell us whether it's correct or not.
This is pretty much the opposite of what happens in discussions about static typing however. People state that static typing has benefits and then try to fit the evidence to fit that claim.
My intuition is that, with advances in robotics and AI, we may see the need of more robust logical systems. At some point, mathematicians and algorithmicians may use those tools to prove new concepts, which they will be able to share and valid more quickly, which then will percolate into software engineering more quickly.
Beyond software engineering, the expirements with theorem provers may lead to new ways of exchanging information, such as news, mathematics and legal documents. There are inspirations to take from the formalizations created in theorem provers for applying automated reasoning in more domains than just programming (imho)
Edit : Intuitively, it has do to with building trust in the algorithms and informations we share at light speed. With more validated building blocks, we may explore more complex systems. Accelerating trust between different entities can only lead to plus value, I guess. That's all very abstract tho
Edit 2 : too put it in even fewer words, theorem provers may be more about collaboration than just pure technical engineering
I was talking about advances in consumer drones, autonomous cars, and personal robots, such as SpotMini from Boston Dynamics. More autonomous embedded systems evolving around us means different needs in term of safety in software development.
AI will have to explain the reasoning of their decisions (prove they did right) in natural language. The humans who do that in our world are scientifics, politicians, lawyers and mathematicians. Those people use a specific kind of natural language, with domain specific words to communicate. Theorem provers in software engineering are a step forward that direction imho
I don't think theorem provers are actually the way to get there though. AI systems are probabilistic in nature, and neural nets are self-organizing. One of the biggest problems is that it's really hard to tell how such a system arrives at a decision. The human brain itself is not based on formalism, and we find formal thinking to be very challenging. It's something that needs to be trained, and doesn't come to most people naturally. Our whole cognition is rooted in heuristics.
So far, "neural networks" in AI is a fancy name for what is nothing more than a giant equation system with many parameters. It's not even close to a biological, actual self-organizing, neural networks. It's closer to a weather model prediction.
The human brain is not based on formalisms, so let's create an AI that helps the human brain's weakness. Maybe we shouldn't try to replicate the human brain capacities, but rather create a new "form of life" complementing our biological skills.
So far, theorem provers, with expert systems, are the only works I'm aware of about systematically explaining reasoning and decisions.
I do think theorem provers can be useful in certain contexts, and I can see AI using these tools to solve problems.
This is not correct in the current state of tech. Neural networks are parametrized equations systems. You train the parameters on a dataset in a training phase, then freeze the result, then distribute the model to devices. Once distributed, the "neural network" can't be modified, and stop to "learn" new cases.
Edit : I mean, you are not completely wrong, you described the training phase of the neural network. That's only half of the story tho
But you don't have to write a proof to sort a list in Idris. So you're not being honest with your comparison.
Right now, it's a missing part in many theorem prover systems (but I didn't do exhaustive researching, so it's more my point of view) : a code to succinctly describe, or state, the problem you are trying to solve. For exemple, for a sorting problem, you would state the problem in English : after sorting, for any element E, the next element in the sequence should be lower.
> It's entirely possible to have a but in the proof itself, at which point your program is going to incorrect
The premise of theorem provers is that if the problem is correctly stated, then a proof of a solution passing the prover's compiler and a few human reviews is even more unlikely to have a bug.
> Reading and understanding the Idris proof is actually more work than understanding the untyped Python version, therefore it's actually harder to say whether it's correct or not in a semantic sense.
I would be curious to see a Python proof of the Python sort function. I mean an actual logical and mathematical proof, not a unit test or fuzzy test. It would imply to create a library with a DSL around math and logic.