"Generate all" and "efficient" seems doomed at some level. Considering /[01]+/, there are clearly an exponential number of matches given some given max length.

The expression itself provides a nice summary of the generative space it implies. Perhaps for a particular application you could apply a kind of lazy generation. Say, given /[01]+/ it would first expand it into the subspaces of /0/, /1/, /0[01]+/, and /1[01]+/. One of these branches could be expanded next depending on what was actually needed in the next step.