In fact Ayurveda itself has a long history of both surgery (like cataracts, or facial reconstruction), and medicine. The fact of the matter is that for thousands of years it's foundation is based on:
"Anusandhana" "Anveshana" etc which are translated as Research. Ayurveda has the fundamental concept of Prama(Fact) that one statement made is truth only if proved by Pramanas, which include Pratyaksha(Perception), Anumana(Inference), Upamana(Analogy), Yukti(Planning) & Apthopadesha(Authoritative Testimony) each & every word in the samhita is written only after using these logic
India has a strong history of Logic, and philosophy that people discount on wholesale, while at the same time use it. For example the entire field of modern cognitive science, and consciousness science uses a tremendous amount of borrowed ideas from Buddhism, to Hinduism.
I feel that India generally isn't given enough credit for the progress it has made in the sciences, which is quite sad, and I can't help but feel that it's motivated by both an apathy among Indians towards their own history, and perhaps racism as many Indology departments in the USA tend to focus on the negatives, instead of positives as other religious, or cultural studies tend towards.