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I wonder if simply cooling isn't an option in those applications? I guess that'd depend on the chips power output. Otherwise you could just surround it in a really good insulator and pump residual heat out somehow (maybe can peltiers withstand such high temps using multiple stages?)

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Cooling only works if you have somewhere to put the extra energy. Peltiers are inefficient to run and generate a ton extra heat. It's best to build something that can run with as little support needed.

Indeed, cooling would be quite bulky and require lots of extra energy. But for an environment like Venus cited (instead of small sensors), I think it should be a good option. The Carnot efficiency to cool from a Venutian environment (462C) down to 50C (reasonable chip temp) is a surprisingly good ~60%. In practice you might get 15% (? plus insulation leaking), that should still allow cooling a chip of less than ~1 watt of tdp without too much hassle inside a robot.

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