edit: I'm not just being a dick, I'm just not aware of significant numbers of casualties from nuclear tests, and certainly not among famous scientists. Here's what seems to be a complete list of known casualties from nuclear testing:
http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/tests/index.html
The death rate from US nuclear tests appears to be one dude who died due to fallout at Bikini Atoll (eighteen years after the actual test) and one dude who fell into a collapsing pit at a test site in Nevada.
My Grandmother, while in the Canadian Airforce, was subjected to radiation tests(She and others were placed in a bunker during these tests). 60 years later when I look back upon the health problems she went through I can't help but wonder if there was a link. Of course no one, in my family, ever brought it up or even discussed the possibility.
Having said that, I suspect that the number of folks who died as a direct result of exposure during tests that they participated in was relatively small, particularly compared to what happened to the folks who lived downwind of the NTS during the atmospheric-testing era. The troops in the Desert Rock exercises were in and out in hours -- but the downwinders lived in fallout contaminated areas for extended periods of time, ate food raised on or grown in contaminated soil, etc. And then there's the cast and crew of The Conquerer...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conqueror_(film)#Cancer_con...
"Among the 220 or so cast and crew who filmed the 1956 film, The Conqueror, on location near St. George, Utah, ninety-one had come down with cancer, with an unheard of 41 percent morbidity rate, including stars John Wayne, Susan Hayward, and Agnes Moorehead, and director Dick Powell. The film was shot in Southwestern Utah, east of and generally downwind from where the U.S. Government had tested nuclear weapons in Southeastern Nevada, and many contend that radioactive fallout from these tests contaminated the film location and poisoned the film crew working there."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds#Remedia...