Airplanes that fly on electricity debut at Fresno’s Chandler Airport
fresnobee.com
fresnobee.com
[0]http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/dglr/hh/text_2004_...
Cursory googling claims you can generate hydrogen for $28/million-BTU with electricity @ 5c/kwh. 1 million BTU is about 8 gallons worth of jet fuel, so I would guess that jet fuel is much cheaper than $4/gallon?
Also hydrogen is much harder and costlier to transport and store (refueling is also not a walk in the park either) than jet fuel.
Cryogenic hydrogen is even more costly on all fronts.
The problem with Hydrogen is that you want to store it in big, strong metal containers, but it destroys the container and leaks out. So instead you store it in composite fiber containers, but then you have an explosive gas under pressure in a vessel that can be cracked.
This is part of the reason that research tends to focus on processes within fuel cells which produce hydrogen JIT, so you obviate the need to produce and store large volumes. The problem with that is the need for more power input than you get out, or the need for expensive catalysts like Platinum.
tl;dr
With current tech you need nuclear power to efficiently produce large volumes of Hydrogen, but that’s a political minefield.
Storing Hydrogen is a nightmare.
Hydrogen explodes, and peolle are rightfully wary of carrying and transporting it in large volumes.
The kinds of containers which are affordable and practical are made of materials Hydrogen readily attacks.
Oh, the humanity.
Another problem is the cheapest way to make it is from natural gas. If you are going to use fossil fuels why not just use them directly?
It's a losing technology, but at least they were given a chance.
I personally see them pretty much every day, mostly Mirais. But then again, I live fairly close to one of the fueling stations.
https://www.engadget.com/2017/12/12/honda-toyota-hydrogen-fu...
There's this pilot program going on on a small Scottish Island where they use wind power on overproducing days to produce hydrogen.
That hydrogen is then use for their ferry.
I'm not a hydrogen proponent, far from it in fact, but it does have it's own place for local usages in case of overproduction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNSN6qet1kE
The 7 parts build footage : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KidFSfdb8t8
I look forward to him tinkering with it some more. Hopefully he brings it out to this years FlightFest and I can see it in person.
Edit: Case in point, magnus effect plane - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6geOms33Dk
Imagine trying to fly that thing from Perth to Adelaide in individual 50-minute hops between outback airfields... Impossible.
Electric planes will definitely graduate to short hop commutes eventually though and not just be niche training vehicles, especially when you consider how much safer they are than jet engines: they have way less moving parts, require less maintenance, and most importantly, they don’t stress the airframe nearly as much.
And that’s just with current airplane designs retrofitted for electric (which is essentially what these training planes are) instead of the upcoming designs that are built with many small electric motors and not the giant jet engines.
Lilium is an example of the new style of electric plane, with motors distributed through the wing:
See also: driverless cars.
I note it has "up to 60 minutes" under "endurance".
What I believe is the non-electric version of the plane is here: https://www.pipistrel.si/plane/alpha-trainer/overview
That has an endurance of 3.1 hours with its standard 50-liter fuel tanks.
part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljbhGfnUchA part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1o6WWQQQot0 part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1URqmuJ2Tbg part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPoXSItKELQ
Or is the scale so off that solar panels can't meaningfully contribute?
Wing area of a Cessna 172 (representative GA aircraft) is 16 m^2.
Best-case insolation on a sunny day with no clouds at high noon is around 1000 W/m^2.
Best commercially available solar cells are the triple-junction cells used on commercial satellites, at about 30% efficient. They are horrendously expensive (around $50-100k per square meter), but we will ignore economics for now.
16 m^2 * 1000 W m^2 * 0.3 = 4.8 kW.
Powerplant for a Cessna 173 is a 160 hp piston engine, or 120 kW. So, we're about an order of magnitude and a half off. The cells also aren't massless, so they will add weight and reduce range... you'd need to do a cost/benefit there.
There are a couple solar UAVs in existence (example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinetiq_Zephyr) which use super lightweight materials and have very large wing areas to support solar cells. Even then, they are really on the hairy edge of where physics works in your favor.
This is one of the reasons in favor hybrid electric aircraft. The marginal hp to weigh ratio of an electric motor is about 3 hp/lb or ~5.5 kw/kg. And partial load efficiency is high. Means you potentially have a lot more hp available on take off.
For commecial passenger aircraft hybrid turbofans wouldn't have spooling up lag like straight turbofans. Turbine engines take seconds to spool up. This big big problem with jet aircraft during landing. If you hit wind shear and/or need to go around you need to apply more power and sometimes the lag is fatal.
And the great thing about flying is that it's pretty much always a sunny day when you're in cruise.
Another reference: https://newsline.kitplanes.com/2017/07/26/alpha-electro-an-e...
You're not likely to have shock cooling issues in an electrically powered aircraft. Shock cooling is a piston aircraft thing, and is mostly an issue on turbocharged aircraft. You're not worried about shock-cooling the engine, you're worried about shock-cooling the hot side of the turbocharger. So in the use-case of spoilers being used to keep the engine spooled up, you're right that it wouldn't be necessary here.
And as far as pulling the throttles to idle and more-or-less gliding during the descent, that's the ideal, but in the real world spoilers are used to drop more quickly all the time for non-emergency reasons. If you have favorable winds up high, you might choose to stay up high until absolutely necessary and then quickly descend to make better time. In trainer class aircraft you don't typically have spoilers to help this, so you end up cross controlling the aircraft to increase the sink rate. If I could have a big ol windmill in front of me in a 172 to do that, it'd be pretty darn nice.
When power is surplus, climb to your service ceiling. When not, descend. Utilise battery when at minimum altitude.
This was the technique used by Solar Impulse 2 on its round-the-world (though not nonstop) flight. At a cruse speed of 70 kph (43 mph).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Impulse
:)
It would also provide a charging option if you have to land at an airstrip that doesn't have an electrical outlet handy.
As people already commented, it wouldn't make much difference for the usual models, but you can design a plane that benefits from it. It may have some good uses (agriculture comes to mind), but probably won't be good for transportation.
For surveillance, comms, and very small-scale payload delivery (possibly drugs, far more likely munitions), ultralight drones with battery + solar could offer loiter / time-in-air and / or modest speed longer-distance capabilities.
On the other hands, if you were to beam a few hundred kilowatts by (carefully!!) aiming at the panels with a massive laser, you could power it this way, yes.
Bonus if you are doing it from a satellite: you can power a plane even across an ocean and don't need many ground stations. On the other hand you just built an orbital death ray so expect protests from, well, everybody.
[0] https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/a...
[1] https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/a...
Sometimes you see electric aircraft have multiple smaller engines and props, but that is mostly driven by structural or design concerns of their esoteric missions like needing to distribute the weight along a huge wing (Sunseeker) or needing to land in tight spots (various VTOL designs). Conventional planform electric aircraft don't have such extreme limitations so there is no point in sacrificing performance.
I seen some stuff that indicates that you can use small props at the wing tips to reduce drag. Works by canceling out the wing tip vortexes. Hasn't been done for a lot of reasons but mostly because of structural concerns.
I think one prop is more efficient than two for the same thrust. Multi prop airplanes are potentially tricky to fly.
You'll note that hybrid cars aren't exactly winning in the market.
1. Much higher bypass ratios. Maybe close to double.
2. Ability to shift power around to keep the aircraft thrust balanced in case of an engine failure.
If you have a battery then you also get.
3. Potentially much faster throttle response. The slow throttle response of turbine engines is a real issue that kills people.
4. Ability perhaps to take off and land with minimal turbine power. Which reduces noise.
Thing is all this stuff has only recently gotten cheap enough and commercial aircraft probably take 10-15 years to develop and roll out.
My educated guess is that tip propellers would operate counter to the vortex direction, so that their vorticity would tend to cancel the trailing vortices. Notionally, you could think of them as throwing air back under the wing, though that's just a heuristic I made up to help imagine the direction they'd spin.
Tl;dr: It's complicated!
https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/5/51/Wingtip-mounted...
As well this
https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/e/e0/Vortex_Attenuat...
One way is that the coefficient of lift drops as you approach the wing tips. The other is that energy used to generate/contained in the wing tip vortexes shows up as a decrease in efficiency.
A wing tip prop that rotates in the opposite direction cancels the vortexes. And the pressure produced by the prop increases the Cl of the upwash side of the wing. Negating the loss of Cl due to spill over at the wing tips.
This is from two papers I read one from 1967 and the other more recently. The result of looking at this thing.
https://www.designboom.com/technology/eviation-alice-electri...
Existing gasoline single-prop engines typically have dual redundant ignition systems with segregated cylinders powering a unified driveshaft and camshaft, and I think your split inverter/motor/battery path is entirely in line with that approach to single-prop internal redundancy. It depends on the weight of the components, of course.
When I was taking my private pilot lessons, this was a very minor thing - maybe a couple of minutes spent on it every other flight? The only time we spent more than a couple of seconds adjusting the fuel/air mixture was when we were intentionally stalling the engine to practice recovery procedures.
And with a private pilot's license, before you would be allowed to rent any plane you generally have to show you've been checked off in one - that's one of the things your log book shows.
Are you talking about stalling the aircraft or stalling the engine? As far as I know, intentionally shutting down the engine is considered too dangerous for PPL training purposes. Whenever a zero power situation is practiced (e.g. aerodynamic stall or simulated engine failure) it's done with idle power.
But aren't most pilots ultimately training to fly turbofan or turboprop planes?
Is fuel mixture and engine management for a piston-engine plane relevant to that?
I'd imagine that the jump from electric to larger planes is not much bigger than from a piston-engine flight training plane. But I'm not a pilot so I'm just speculating here.
Regardless, I'm sure it's easier to do everything but engine management first, and then do fewer sessions with just focus on engine management.
Examiners will likely ask about the FAA fuel minimums, but those are expressed in minutes of flight time, not gallons.
Also, the regulations tend to place a great deal of trust on pilot's judgement. According to FAA a person who just received his private pilot certificate in a Cessna 152 is eligible to fly a Pilatus with Airplane Single Engine Land PPC. Is it legal? Yes. Is it advisable one does so? No.
How heavy is that battery pack??
>> Pipistrel introduced an electric version called the Alpha Electro in 2015 at a price of 69,000 euros,[3] with technology from the Pipistrel WATTsUP proof of concept design, for short training. It has energy for one flight hour plus reserves, and can recharge in 45 minutes or have its batteries replaced in 5 minutes.[4] Instead of 78 lb (35.5 kg) of fuel, it has 277 pounds (126 kg) of LiPo cells, however the water cooled electric motor weighs 11 kg;[5] much less than the gasoline engine. It has a useful load of 380 lb, whereas a Cessna 152 has between 350-480 lb useful load.[6][7]
For comparison, the same weight of avgas (39 gal) will fly a Cessna 172 for just under 4 hours with reserves (assuming 9 gph), compared to the the Alpha’s 60 minutes.
example: look at the Lycoming O-360 and the list of planes it is used in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_O-300
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-320
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-360
I'm not kidding about the efficiency either. The Lycosaur O-360 is a 5.9L engine that produces at best 225hp. You can get 245hp out of a 2L Ecoboost in an economy car today. This isn't an apples-to-apples comparison, but it gives you a sense of how far engines have come since the 50s.
A Cessna 172 retrofitted with a modern engine could probably get more than a 50% increase in range, and also cabin heat.
[1] https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/february/p...
Google "thielert diesel engine" and you'll find a lot of good info to start from.
https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&channel=fs&q=thi...
I heard that airliners can't land with a full load of fuel and they have to dump it to land in an emergency. I wonder if that means you can't even replace max fuel weight with the same battery weight because then it'd be permanently too heavy to land.
I wonder if airliners could drop exhausted battery packs by parachute over designated DZs as they fly across the continent or ocean?
I think the main reason they do that is that way there's less stuff to burn if there's a fire or explosion.
Electric airplanes are small so it's not as a big of a deal, but it will limit their ability to scale.
Technically they do - the battery of a Chevy Volt loses half a microgram from full to empty :)
Non-ideal for aviation.