I have to be honest, coming from Python 2.3 (2004ish), I don't recognize "new" Python anymore. I think it's mostly regarding type definitions.
Yeah, I've just moved from a Python thing to doing some modern JS (async/await etc.), and they feel like cousins. To my surprise, I find that I like the comparative minimalism of JS: it has most of the key features of Python, but doesn't feel like it has the same cognitive load.
C++11 though is quite a bit different. Probably the biggest change being that raw pointers * for the most part should not be used anymore.