I this particular case the centralization around the push service of google actually helps.
No, it does not, and you even argued why. This centralization makes it harder to make the system more resilient.
We need an alternative to GCM.
The other option would be for google to turn push notifications off selectively for Telegram and only in russia. Not sure if they can/will do that.
It's called SMS.
I always get notifications about Telegram messages on my phone at around the same time (within a second or so) as I get the notification on the web client.
Currently Telegram keep working because it's get new backend IPs constantly via Google Play / AppStore services. Since push notifications are centralized they'll stop working as soon as application removed from stores so app wouldn't be able to get lists of unbanned IPs.