git log -- filename
I do occasionally wish that git blame was faster. Building up a cache of side index information for that would be a nice addition.
In my company people simply use checkout to apply changes from another branch, but that doesn't handle well for example file removals. It also creates a completely different commit so the branches diverge more and more, making things like rebase more time consuming.
It is a huge pain, which would not exist if we would use SVN as a backed for example.
What you should probably do in this case is use git merge nevertheless, but reset all changes outside of the directory of interest before committing the merge. This way, you get the history of the merge in the DAG, which will make git's merge resolution work.
Unfortunately, I'm not aware of a built-in way of doing this.