Go and Rust is too heavy and require more dependencies for SQLite. SQLite runs even on the smallest exotic embedded systems.
Building from source is usual, of course, given the lack of a stable ABI.
It does however mean that there is an issue with supported platforms. Rust has support for all the major platforms already, but C is probably the most widely supported language in existence at all.
Of course, it's not usual Rust code, but no binary that small is usual code, even in C.
The point is to demonstrate that you can strip Rust down to as small as you want/need, not to suggest that every single Rust program is ultra-tiny.