Darwins artificial ecosystem could be key to colonising Mars
bbc.co.uk
bbc.co.uk
The few plans I've seen involve trying to terraform Mars slowly by introducing something like genetically modified high-altitude lichen and going from there. Of course in the process of doing so we'd use the organisms that work, not "force" the things we wish would work.
The challenges of terraforming Mars will be very different than dropping a few trees on Ascension Island, which is what the Royal Navy did.
As an aside, I recommend the Mars Trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson for an overview of how Mars might be incrementally terraformed through that method.
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Case-Mars-Robert-Zubrin/dp/068483550...
However, these days if I ever did end up on Mars (unlikely, I know) I'd probably me a Red rather than a Green.
Having to walk around in space suits indefinitely if you want to go outside sucks, even just getting the atmosphere to a point where you won't suffer bruising from decompression if you go out with a face mask would be a huge improvement.
Why would you want to keep it as it is?
To learn as much as possible before you irreversibly change it.
That's valuable too. But Mars's main value to humanity will be as a second home, not as a geologic curiosity.
We'll be much more secure as a species if we have a second planet where we can walk outside and breathe the air, even if the temperature will be stuck at ~250K.
I take it we're supposed to leave the entirety of the universe exactly as it happened to be before we realized that we're capable of rearranging very tiny little bits of it?
Otherwise: heck, it's just a rock, let's go nuts.
Terraforming it would entail thickening the atmosphere and heating it up. That'd cause a lot of changes to its surface. Water frozen for eons might start flowing, gases currently frozen in the ground might start evaporating etc.
Eventually it might start raining, which would start massive planet-wide erosion. There's a reason you see craters on the Moon and not on Earth: It rains.
I think this was a poor choice of words by the writer in question.
What I believe they meant by 'force' was instead of deciding on a formulaic approach with an expected outcome, why not just throw some stuff up there and see what happens.
Martian atmosphere is a good classroom-grade vacuum. Considering the enormous cost of sending stuff there (and landing it safely) we would have to be careful not to send stuff that would die in a couple seconds of exposure to water-freezing temperatures, water-boiling vacuums and ultraviolet that would give the average human a Röntgen tan in about 10 seconds.
Colonizing Mars will not be an easy undertaking without several breakthroughs in access to orbit, deep-space propulsion and radiation shielding.
There are almost certainly some low cost methods that have yet to be considered seriously but it's a tough problem that will require tools we haven't even developed yet.
it's ok. Accidents happen. I've had my fair share of fat-fingers on my iPod.
Considering that the hottest temperature recorded on Mars was 32C, talking like it's a wasted effort is wholly naive considering the survivability of regular bacterium, not to mention the extremeophiles. Cryophiles can reproduce down to -15C and up to above 10C. Radioresistant bacteria can survive 1500 times the dosage of radiation humans can, making Mars a breeze. Similarly there's radiotrophic fungus that actually grow off of ionizing radiation.
The biggest concern with viability on Mars is that the regolith has such a high concentration of free radicals that any complex organisms simply could not survive in unprocessed soils. Essentially if we suck our thumbs and wait for the engineering of a super bacteria to survive all the environmental conditions, we're going to have to be engineering it to survive harsher soil conditions than we even know. Whilst bombarding the planet with bacteria and fungus that will only survive in the environment will help us in the long run.
It would be advantageous to simply transfer several tons of select bacteria and extremophiles to Mars and colonize areas where temperatures routinely manage to hit above freezing. The lesson people fail to learn is that life doesn't adapt to its environment, it adapts its environment to life.
Radiotrophic fungus is a black fungus, if conditions are adequate in this +0C regions for it to thrive, it would slowly decrease the regions albedo (increasing the regions temperature) and allow it a longer reproduction cycle. Similarly landing this in a natural heat-trap like a crater or valley would only dramatically increase the effect.
Colonizing Mars is a different story, but we should begin terraforming ASAP. Complex plant life would transform Mars completely within a single persons lifespan, however all complex plant life survives in a mixture of O2 producing and CO2 producing respirations. Until the atmosphere has O2 present in an actual percentage, terraforming will require exceedingly complex greenhouses not necessarily to trap in heat, but to trap in oxygen.
You can irrigate countless acres very simply to provide the necessary water, you can't build the necessary domes or greenhouses, etc, that would be needed to trap oxygen.
It's simplistic to say, but throwing everything at Mars and seeing what sticks certainly wouldn't hurt, and if you aim it at some good spots, it could even thrive with amazing simplicity on such a complex problem.
I mean if we're pissing around imagining bacteria (I've heard of no actual effort to genetically engineer a viable terraforming bacteria, so this is based on assumption) we might as well imagine one that performs self-sustaining electrolysis of rust to release the vast tonnages of sequestered oxygen in the Martian soil.
I would prefer to have a more thorough understanding of the Martian environment before we start dumping extremophiles on it. Besides, we want to understand how the organisms we throw at it will change the environment before we throw them in.
Darwin's experiment would have provoked a very hostile reaction today.
The only way we can control test this reliably is by building the worlds largest vacuated building, recreating the martian atmosphere below ~100ft (which may not be reliable as bacterial spores have been found well up in rain clouds), recreating the regolith to a compositional level, but also to a radiation level to account for all the free radical oxygens in it, then you have to recreate the light levels and daily cycles including UV and ionizing radiation. Then we'll have a reliable way to understand how the organisms will change the environment and how the environment may change the organisms.
We may be able to understand how the organisms will change the environment in the short term, but it's the long term that we're blind of and will remain blind of until we try. Introducing these organisms will change the environment, which will land new pressures on the organisms (IE evolutionary pressures) that could change the organisms meaning they'll deviate from our expected behaviors and our model for environment change will become increasingly inaccurate.
We can get a good bet through genome modelling (similar to what they did with the geobacter that can 'eat' iron, uranium, plutonium, etc), but in a high radiation environment we can only bet money on the radiotrophic fungus' and radioresistant bacterias to not mutate in ways we can't predict.
Perhaps the idea shouldn't be to recreate our environment, but to create a truly Martian one by giving it basic protobacteria and time.
Find key locations and seed them. Craters and valleys will trap any heat produced by these lichen (via lower albedos and the bacteria themselves) making them ideal locations if their temperatures break freezing. Mars' strong winds will do all the work of spreading the spores into surrounding areas that are habitable, or that may become habitable if the lichens have adequate effect.
I fail to see what the harm in trying is aside from a loss of money. However any space launch comes with the expectation that it could fail, any deployment comes with the expectation that it could fail. Failing is part of going to space. However the crucial here is that this produces valued data. Until we get data we are guessing and all the mythical genetically modified lichens in the world will do nothing if we guessed wrong and they'll be guessing blind for attempt 2.
We should be doing a trial run with materials off the shelf, so to speak. If our off the shelf materials don't work, then we design our own. It should never be the other way around. I know, we're hackers, we like to tinker, but YC is about start ups, it's about doing. Not everyone here had 20 years to fiddle making their own programming languages to perfectly execute their start up, they just got on and did it with off-the-shelf stuff until they had to invent, if they had to.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain implies that it wasn't really Darwin's efforts, nor is it a true example of an artificial ecosystem.
(thanks to hitting street view on the google maps link)
Not exactly hackerish or star-upish I know but I was going along this guideline:
anything that gratifies one's intellectual curiosity.
I find it fascinating that as a race we have reached a point where we are seriously discussing the possibility of making another planet hospitable enough to maintain human life.
does this count as split infinitive?
To not split an infinitive is to create a weaker and less coherent thought stream.
Or, alternately, we could try to fix/solve/eliminate those things before spreading to other planets.
But my point was that, as much as I like the idea of colonizing Mars, I don't have as much of an idealistic view of it as some might. Because I think as long as we haven't solved or eliminated those other issues first, we're just going to bring them to Mars with us. It won't all be unicorns and rainbows and shiny spaceships and robots and techno-meritocracy ruled by wise ethical anarcho-socio-libertarians. As it's going now, we're going to start polluting Mars, erecting churches there, fight wars, etc. Ideally I'd like to see us overcome these things and leave them behind before spreading it off-planet any further. Or at least say, "This is acceptable here on Earth. But not on Mars."
Idealism, probably not practical, granted, but that was my point.
Please, you have a high enough Karma to know not to make asinine BS posts. We don't give a crap about religion or politics here except when it's relevant, and no where in this article was there a discussion on politics, religion or any of the other topics you noted.
Despite the fact that watching rapid ecological changes on another planet would give us vast amounts of data on changes in environmental patterns and countless information on how climate change might affect our planet. Terraforming Mars is important beyond our species pathetic problems, in that our expansion to other planets might give our species the longevity to solve those problems than get hit by a rogue asteroid, comit, or other such object we've yet to see.
I'm totally down with the idea of getting humans onto other planets, at the very least to make sure we don't have all our eggs in one basket. I'm just saying I'd prefer that we resolve these other issues first. Just because you may disagree with it, doesn't mean my comment deserved to be down-voted into karma penalization territory. Groupthink, indeed...