A Supreme Court Case That Could Give Tech Giants More Power
nytimes.com
nytimes.com
I worked for AmEx for about 5 years. Everything was going great, and they announced a 5-month paternity leave program. I’m not going to lie, but it made it a lot easier to decide on having a child. Long story short, my son was born, I took paternity leave, and got laid off after 2 months into my paternity.
I get that I’m an at will employee, which is what lawyers keep telling me. It’s true that large companies, not just tech companies exert a lot of power, especially when it comes to swaying what’s ethical and what’s not. That’s a whole separate discussion, but AmEx clearly used me to send a message- don’t act on our gesture... or else. Influencing future behavior is what AmEx is really good at. Not credit cards.
It might be illegal, but the onus is on me.
At a big company, likely other people tried to claim paternity leave as well, and non-paternity leave people were laid off, and (with legal discovery) you can do the math on ratios of layoffs across the cohrots.
dan(a)lpf.io
There's confounding variables in there too like the OP said with the idea that he was an example for the other employees to jot actually take their benefits
If paid, it was likely a disability insurance policy, so paying you wouldn't even affect their bottom line.
I'm not sure on the edges whether the concept of harming competition for the benefit of consumers is just, but at least in the example case I don't see how this is an issue.
Are the standards for demonstrating harm so high that you can't make a strong legal case that higher costs for merchants gets passed to consumers?
This is a common misconception. These fees come out of merchant profits. Otherwise, merchants would not care.
Here's a good paper that goes into this: https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/public-policy-discuss...
From the abstract: On average, each cash-using household pays $149 to card-using households and each card-using household receives $1,133 from cash users every year.
In the real world, reductions in debit card fees (in the USA, via the Durbin Amendment) have not lead to lowered prices, just increased profits. [1]
This explains why merchants care about processing fees.
[1] From page 27 of https://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_pa...
"In the year following Durbin’s implementation, gasoline retailers realized more than $1 billion in savings from reduced interchange fees. But 'while this should mean savings of roughly 3 cents per gallon, no savings have been passed on to consumers.' This is particularly remarkable and instructive given that the retail gasoline industry is highly competitive, and at least one other study has demonstrated that gasoline excise taxes are almost instantly and fully passed through to consumers"
"There is little doubt that the Durbin Amendment had a major effect on consumers — and would-be bank customers — as issuers have, in various ways, passed on some of the costs of reduced interchange fee receipts, as discussed above"
" retailers of smaller ticket items in particular have seen increased interchange fee costs as a result of the Durbin Amendment, and there is anecdotal evidence that these fees are being passed on to consumers"
I didn't bother reading the entire report, either.
In the short term, if the cost of payment processing goes up or down, the merchant covers the change with its profits; however, prices can move. If I'm a merchant and my costs went up, I'm going to try to increase my prices to cover my costs and my profit target; if my costs go down, I may lower my prices to try to attract more customers, or because my competitors lowered theirs -- especially given all the merchants are paying similar fees, a big drop in processing fees would likely be reflected in consumer costs.
The merchant sets their prices based on the cost of the product and the cost to bring the product to market. If their profit is too low to sustain the business, prices go up. It does not matter why profit is too low. Any cost to the merchant increases the price for the consumer.
Most merchants would prefer the buyer have more information about why something costs what it does. Ergo the cash and debit card buyer would have no such fee on their receipt; someone with an ordinary credit card might have a 3% fee, and someone with a high kickback card might have a 5% fee. Rather than permitting freeloaders.
I suppose you could tell your representative, but then they'd have to somehow influence the senators of your state, but even if that happens you need a majority rule to do something, when it comes to an eventual vote, right? Even if they did have a majority, the Supreme Court, which is inherently stacked one way or another, could simply negate whatever decision was made, no?
It's amazing that despite all of the technological growth, there are more middle people than ever skimming off the top. Somehow it feels that technology is simply making things even more inefficient.
It could, but that's kind of a stretch. In terms of anti-trust the courts have the Sherman Antitrust act (1890). This is the substance of the law:
Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.
There is a little more elaboration in the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) and later amendments, but not much.
The courts have been left to develop a large body of judge made law in this area because Congress has done so little legislating. If Congress wished to put antitrust law on a firm and detailed statutory basis, my sense is that the courts would be very glad to be rid of the responsibility of developing it almost out of whole cloth.
It's really easy. This is the nuclear option, but it's very doable: eliminate their Section 230 immunity [1]. All of these internet businesses and platforms are running markets online, but they face zero liability for anything bad that happens on their platform. It's what gives Google and Facebook such high margins. They employ a relatively small number of highly paid software engineers and let the buyers and sellers take it from there on their marketplace.
If they were actually responsible or liable for what happened on their platform, it would mean they'd have a lot more policing to do. And policing costs money. Customer service costs money (which is why there's no one to call at Facebook or Google when something's wrong with your account).
Suddenly those highly efficient, zero liability two-sided markets have a lot more frictional costs, and that will ultimately limit their power because the flywheel won't snowball as much.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230_of_the_Communicati...
It'd be extremely easy to limit the impact of it by not eliminating the freebie for everyone, recognizing that there's societal value in enabling these online marketplaces.
Think Systematically Important Financial Institutions [1]. The "too big to fail" banks bear the toughest capital requirements, your local community bank doesn't. The same can be done for the tech industry.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemically_important_financi...
These platforms would just ban everything that is slightly controversial, on the off chance that they could be sued for it.
It is not about the rights of the companies that I care about. What I don't want is for this kind of massive censorship to happen to the users of these sites.
Immunity allows users to remain free and mostly unregulated. It is what makes the internet useful.
And I care about this issue, even though it would be "legal" for these companies to ban everything controversial, so please don't say "The 1st amendment protects you from the government, not private companiezzz!!"
Google, Facebook, Amazon exercise editorial control of their platforms all the time. They delete spam, malware, porn. Just this week Google pulled right wing YouTube content as they moved to remove gun content [1]. They banned anything with the word "gun" in their shopping search [2]. These were never neutral platforms and they never pretended to be. The tech industry lobbyists cloak themselves in the language of free speech and liberty to avert regulation, but they have always been censoring content on their platform if it served their commercial interests.
[1] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-28/youtube-s...
[2] https://www.engadget.com/2018/02/27/google-gun-shopping-sear...
It would certainly be great if the big tech companies engaged in less censorship. Which is why we need more policies that encourage them to be neutral platform, possibly like the utilities laws we have, instead of doing the opposite of making them more likely to take down content.
Lets move them towards being a more neutral platform with less or no editorial control. That would be wonderful.
Ugh, no. Editorial control and moderation makes the difference between a community and an open sewer.
But let's make sure we don't create such a liability that nobody wants to host user content at all. Because the easiest thing to do is to omit user content and focus exclusively on licensed, first-party, commercial content that has a contract associated with it. That doesn't create communities.
Section 230 has to go if we're going to do anything to fix the Internet.
Eliminating the Section 230 would incur additional barriers to entry for small companies, as they would have to spend more resources to police their platforms, while also opening themselves up to expensive legal battles before their platforms even take off. While the tech giants have plenty of legal, financial and engineering resources to take on the challenges posed by eliminating Section 230.
What you're proposing would actually give the tech giants even more power.
I don't see how if affects "two-sided markets" at all.
It seems like it would make far more sense to make operators of two-sided market places liable without destroying every small forum and every blogging platform and possible every public chat platform.
Let's say you run a small forum and someone starts harrassing users and creates a very toxic environment. 230 allows you to delete this person's comments/account without suddenly being liable for everything users post on your site.
Big companies will just have a team create an automatic filtering tool with strong rules to prevent lawsuits. The forum runner doesn't have the money or resources for that. Maybe startups would pop up and sell filtering services but Joe Smith who was just trying to host a community gardening forum isn't going to want to/be able to pay for that. Either he pays, let's trolls run wild, or brings down the site. It's a lose-lose scenario.
So, no, there is no way removing the blank check we cut big tech is going to hurt small startups or a community forum. And most of those are going to have human moderators that do a much better job than those "automatic filtering tools" you seem to suggest are a solution.
The whole point here is that automatic filtering doesn't work. We've seen YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter prove that. Of course, Google has hundreds of billions of dollars at it's disposal, but it isn't hiring human moderators, because it has no reason to: Our government holds that Google isn't responsible for anything on it's platform, so it is better off keeping the money as profit.
Now, where it starts to get interesting is perverse incentives: Much of advertising profits comes from malware and scams. Ad companies make billions off this illegal, criminal behavior. And since we've granted them platform immunity, because it's "user content", they're free to keep making that money. They have no reason to take down illegal content, they can't be held responsible for cash cow scams like the fake rehab center fiasco that make them millions. (Source: https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/7/16257412/rehabs-near-me-go...) Even if they get pressured to shut them down, they get to keep all of the profits.
Section 230 protects companies which knowingly (and this is key, intent is important) do not remove illegal and criminal conduct because it is profitable, and they can't be held responsible for it. Section 230 does not protect small businesses, and the marketing to protect it relies on fundamental misconceptions about basic legal responsibility. Companies without intent to profit off criminal conduct are protected by the basic concepts of our legal system: That you can't commit a crime without intent.
It's amazing how the organizations promoting how critical Section 230 is to "small businesses" are funded by the five largest companies in the US by market cap. (The Center for Democracy & Technology spoke out against SESTA-FOSTA in some articles today, Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft are all top tier sponsors.)
As far as I can tell (and I am not a lawyer) you are wrong about this and there is case law to prove it. As wikipedia says:
"The act was passed in part in reaction to the 1995 decision in Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co.,[3] which suggested that service providers who assumed an editorial role with regard to customer content, thus became publishers, and legally responsible for libel and other torts committed by customers. This act was passed to specifically enhance service providers' ability to delete or otherwise monitor content without themselves becoming publishers. In Zeran v. America Online, Inc., the Court notes that "Congress enacted § 230 to remove the disincentives to self-regulation created by the Stratton Oakmont decision."
And here is the link to the court decision being referenced:
https://w2.eff.org/legal/cases/Stratton_Oakmont_Porush_v_Pro...
> Any small site taking reasonable measures to manage their site would be fine.
The case law indicates the opposite. Without 230, small sites would have to take NO MEASURE to manage other peoples content on their site. As soon as they took any "reasonable measures" to restrict that content they would assume the role of publisher and become liable.
I rather think the latter. We’ve just now been able to shine light on 60 years of this bullshit social memes real costs
Cancer rates seem to have gone up. But then one looks closer and it’s diagnosis rates due to improved techniques.
Similar idea: we can measure effort better. Oh look at all the waste
I'm trying the "work for a tech giant and do a poor job" approach to this problem. I don't think it's working.
Additionally, we can avoid working ourselves for companies doing unethical things, like paying off academic researchers to make public statements supporting them, financing think tanks and lobbyist groups to push their agendas, and acting in blatantly anticompetitive ways. Sure, all of these tech giants have tons of people waiting to work there, but we can still reduce the pool of candidates, people who know better need to walk away. This not only reduces their talent, but means that talent is available to start and improve new competitors to the entrenched parties.
And I absolutely believe we need to advocate that legislators and judiciaries start taking a renewed look at antitrust enforcement, and we need to advocate for removing blanket immunities that these companies enjoy. Congress just realized in the past two years that these companies have a lot of sway over elections, and if anything gets Congress moving, it's protecting their reelection campaigns.
Technology doesn't change people's motivations - it simply rearranges who gets to fulfill their wishes a little.
As long as people want to live 'I GOTTA get mine, worry about the rest later', we're going to continue being the cancerous species that we are, biting the hand that feeds us (our community, our planet, etc)
Big gov't and big business go together.
When I think about my experiences with other government services, I’m not hopeful that they’d do a job I’d be interested in having done.
How is that even relevant? The issue is weather the card company can gag a merchant. Not just from disclosing their terms, but from recommending a competitors card. Sounds like the second circuit has some friends.
http://www.ccianet.org/2018/01/ccia-files-supreme-court-amic...
Washington — The Computer & Communications Industry Association has filed an amicus brief on how the Supreme Court should look at multi-sided business models from an antitrust perspective when it hears the upcoming Ohio v. American Express case.
While CCIA does not weigh in on the substance of the financial services issues impacting merchant fees, the tech trade association does argue that constraints on all sides of a multi-sided firms should be considered when analyzing if a plaintiff has made out a prima facie case of anticompetitive conduct. The American Express case represents the first time that an antitrust dispute involving “multi-sided markets” — where a third party service provider is in the business of uniting buyers with sellers — has come before the Supreme Court of the United States.
...
“Two-sided markets” or “multi-sided firms” is a term of art in the theoretical economics literature that refers to business models that have multiple sets of customers, such as many of CCIA’s members. Multi-sided businesses operate under complex economic dynamics as they must consider the effects of their pricing and output decisions on both sets of customers, as well as the interrelationship among the customers on each side of their business. Whether a multi-sided firm has market power or not requires consideration of the actual effects of multi-sidedness. Ignoring these competitive realities would risk penalizing healthy competition to the detriment of consumers.
I’m not buying the “this time it’s different” argument at all.
When you use your credit card or debit card in a store, you swipe it in a Point Of Sale terminal.
That terminal connects, via network, with payment processing software managed by Visa (and other card suppliers) to authorize the payment and move the money from your balance to store's balance.
If you were to create your own credit card, how would that processed? Visa is not going to process your credit card.
In order to have your credit card processed you would have to convince stores to upgrade POS terminals to also talk to your card authorization network.
That's just not gonna happen which is why Visa is not going to loose their lock on credit cards.
The only viable solution would be legislation that forces Visa to process other people's cards, maybe via some standard protocol, at a reasonable price (and that price would have to be much, much lower that Visa's fees to make that workable, because you want to make money on processing fees too).
I have a credit card from Wells Fargo. It's still made by Visa and Visa takes its cut of credit card processing fees.
My point is that in practice you can't issue a credit card and avoid Visa (or Mastercard) processing fees.
You would have to get most merchants to upgrade their POS terminals to support your payment network and that's not going to happen.
Technically there are 26 different cards most POS terminals support. 11 of those are Visa or MasterCard
Edit: "Private labeled" is considered anything a normal gateway will accept and go into the generic category. Which absolutely exists
Of the companies you mentioned, only Paypal could really do this, and in fact, they did have some in-store options available, although they're apparently being shut down. It's really a marketplace problem though -- you have to have enough consumers so that it's useful to businesses, and you have to have enough businesses that it's useful to consumers. And you have to have enough clout that the rest of the banking industry won't refuse to deal with you.
"(The states did not seek review of the 2nd Circuit's decision that they failed to make a prima facie case under the indirect method.)"
Have the states have conceded that Amex lacks market power?
"Gorsuch reiterated that in the absence of market power, a vertical restriction "is not within the cognizance of the antitrust laws." And, without more, a 26 percent share of a market does not constitute power."
How much direct harm can be caused by a firm that lacks market power?
This is a situation where competitors may be able to get started in the EU (or other large market), and grow to scale there, shielded from this kind of anti-competitive behaviour.
Eventually, the existence of clearly successful businesses offering products at a lower cost outside the US might increase the pressure inside the US for change and for a fair playing field.
>But the decision in a case currently before the Supreme Court could block off that path, by effectively shielding big tech platforms from serious antitrust scrutiny.
The case before the Supreme Court concerns interpretation of statutory provisions, not Constitutional law. A bipartisan consensus in Congress could negate the Supreme Court ruling simply by amending the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Sure, but is that likely to actually happen? Just because Congress could possibly negate a court ruling doesn't mean there's nothing to see here.
Who the fuck is on the 2nd Circuit bench and where do they get off inventing "a new concept to create a special set of rules"? Has there never been a firm that served two distinct sets of customers? How long has Amex itself existed, and how did they conduct business before this new concept was invented by judges not legislators? Corruption on parade!
Fortunately the Republicans have packed the SC with "originalists" who will be eager to slap down this new-concept bullshit... haha well one can dream, right?
Cell plans also have not gotten more expensive over 30 years inflation adjusted. When you include what you actually get in plans today, they've gotten cheaper vs 30 or 20 years ago.
Cable Internet as another example, hasn't gotten expensive out of line with inflation over the last 20 years. While simultaneously what you can do with cable Internet has dramatically increased.
Those other items on the other hand, have seen cost inflation dramatically beyond other consumer goods.
Telecom costs a median American $100 to $150 per month. That's more like the cost of a home insurance policy.
How that question is answered regarding AmEx will shape how future similar cases, many of which will involve tech, are judged. There's no equation between them; it's just what this decision will mean.
What is being debated is if there is a two sided market (two separate groups of consumers), should we add a NEW interpretation that requires harm shown for BOTH groups of consumers rather than just ONE group of consumers.
Yes, and this case was showing the price change for businesses that accept AmEx. T
In United States v. Microsoft [0], Microsoft was found to have abused its dominance as the maker of Windows to compete unfairly against Netscape, which was free (as was IE), among others. The "browser wars" was Microsoft blocking entry into a market where the price was already zero.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Cor...