Another kind of ASIC-resistance might be using dynamically-generated algorithms employing self-modifying code. You’d have to own a Xeon Phi to get good figures for that, methinks.
It’s a shame PoW is based on arbitrary hashing instead of, say, “Proof-of-Folding@Home” - that would do some good at least, methinks.
It's already been figured out. The issue is that ASIC manufacturers don't see the need to switch from BTC, when they are already making money. Hint, it's the type of ram.
It already exists, it is called Gridcoin and is based on Proof-of-Research. Coins are awarded based on contributions to the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC). There are many scientific computing projects you can contribute processing power to that utilize the network.
Mining in general can't be the solution to consensus issue. It's just horrible for the environment.