I don't find staticness to be the gating criterion for me. Go, for example, has a static type system that's IMHO very poorly designed - for example, if you want to multiply a time interval by some integer, you have to convert the integer to a time type and then multiply, which breaks my poor science brain (violates fundamental concepts of dimensional analysis). You also have to do things like pick between implementing something with slices versus fixed size arrays, and generic functions are not an option. I couldn't write fn dot_product{n}(v [n]int){...} for example.

What you probably want is a strong type system. Functional programming languages (I'm thinking Julia as an archetype of strongly typed systems) especially are really good at dispatching over types, and can make robust optimizing inferences using a well-designed type system.

BEAM languages are strongly typed, but there are far fewer types (and no true custom types) like julia. However, gating based on functional guards is simply amazing and more than makes up for a limited type system in terms of code clarity. As for compile-time vs runtime error trapping - part of the point of BEAM languages is "who cares?" An error doesn't bring down your VM. It gets logged, you can see it, and apply a hot patch and fix it if you need to.