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An MRI scanner is effectively Fourier domain camera - see k-space [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-space_(magnetic_resonance_im...] - with the final spatial images being reconstructed once acquisition is complete. Quite beautiful really.

MRI is probably better thought of as a physics experiment than as a camera, but it is quite elegant (at least on paper).

Hardly the only example, though, cf for example OCT (which is commonly used clinically in ophthalmology)