Not necessarily. For example, consider that neurons in our auditory cortex aren't different from neurons in our visual cortex!
What is different about them (and the "subsequent" perceptual/conscious level) is that they receive different inputs, and have learned the systematicity of how these inputs behave in relation to the body's own actions.
This is related to the "Sensorimotor Contigency" theory of consciousness [1], which would predict that it should in fact be possible to process entirely different types of sensory input, given long enough exposure and a clear systematicity of the input signal.
[1] http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Sensorimotor_theory_of_c...