I've never used the Microsoft fonts on Linux, so maybe I'm completely misinterpreting your question, but if it's just a case of you wanting to know names of Microsoft fonts:

The classics:

- Times New Roman (Serif)

- Arial (Sans)

- Lucida Console (Mono)

ClearType fonts:

- Calibri (Sans; the default font in MS Office 2007 onwards)

- Constantia (Serif)

- Corbel (Sans)

- Cambria (Serif)

- Candara (Sans)

- Consolas (Mono)

And then they also use the Segoe family of fonts a lot in the Windows UI.

As for what (non-Microsoft) font I use, this one: https://mozilla.github.io/Fira/ (Sans and Mono)