Pretty much any Garmin device does exactly what you're looking for. All of the activity data on my fēnix 5 / VA HR is visible when I plug in via USB. The data is encoded in the FIT file format, which has a public SDK [1] (you do need to accept a license agreement to view it, though, if that matters). There are wrappers for most languages and if you want to just translate the data to CSV, there are pre-made tools to do that too.
I don't think you need to enable sync, so keeping the data local wouldn't be an issue. AFAIK, you should just be able to use the Garmin Connect software once to set up the watch, and that's it.
The great thing about the Garmin watches is that pretty much any fitness hardware that uses ANT+ will work with them. ANT+ is also an open protocol so you're not locked in with a specific manufacturer.
[1]: https://www.thisisant.com/resources/fit