> The interesting thing about this study is that it goes beyond simple coding and programming; it takes the entire software project into consideration [...]. They want to know the full cost of applications and their complete schedules from requirements through delivery. They also want to know multi-year maintenance and enhancement costs plus total cost of ownership.

So it's not just comparing programming languages. And for each language there are a multitude of toolchains for solving these other factors. If you find the most efficient of each of those and compare as well as other factors not even mentioned (e.g. how do multiple remote developers work on an image?) the picture will be quite different.