Not to say it's as robust a strategy as a VPC, but DO does have something called a cloud firewall. It supports the idea of tags that apply to groups of servers.
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduc...
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduc...
Public network + firewall feels dirtier than private network, but in reality they are the same thing: a network that’s only accessible to your VMs, to the extent that you trust the provider’s software to enforce that boundary.