That said, he did come off as a bit of an unhinged person in his twitter tirade.
CBS is doing what it can to settle the first case, so maybe both sides will drop them. If that 24sports site had run it by CBS lawyers I'm almost certain they would have told him not to use his images. But in the end they were used so CBS has to defend itself.
To me using photos of a photog without permission is 100 times worse than posting a screenshot of a TV show but lawyers will milk it.
1) The player gave the photo to the writer claiming it was his property
2) The writer gave credit (Which doesn't allow for use and they should have contacted for use), but normally if there would be a cost a different photo will be used
These crazy copyright claims are the issue. The photographer suing for $150,000 is wrong and the CBS is wrong for the same $150,000 claim. It should be market value of a photo and legal fees. This would make it easy for a photographer to get his money since the company would not want the added legal fee charge. Instead in US it is a all or nothing and usually both parties lose.
Per Image Fee is the best way to move forward.
http://www.roshsillars.com/2017/02/15/much-photographers-cha...
As for the photographer, we don't know the circumstances of his use, but as the article noted, it's not unlikely to be considered fair use. A single frame from a movie/series can reasonably be seen as a quote, whereas their wholesale use of the photographers entire picture clearly is not.
But whatever the circumstances in either case, CBS suing for a screenshot of an old movie/series seems to be a perfect way to get bad publicity, and no pity whatsoever if they would loose in court. Almost nobody wants it to be illegal/fineable to post screens and clips from TV-series, and pushing it that way is trying to get the cat back into the bag. It's part of our culture now, and that cat isn't going back anytime soon.
Of course trademark may also come in to play depending on the content of the screenshots themselves.
Your substitution test is useful, and interesting, but it's not a test that determines copyright infringement.